(9) Cross Cultural Variation

Question 1

In 2003/2007, what percentage of participants came from the US?

Answer 1

68% of participants in published experimental research came from the US (2003/2007).

Question 2

what percentage of participants came from Western Industrialised countries?

Answer 2

96% of participants came from Western industrialized countries, especially US and Europe.

Question 3

what percentage of participants were undergraduates?

Answer 3

80% of samples were composed solely of undergraduates.

Question 4

What does Henrich et al, 2010’s W.E.I.R.D stand for?

Answer 4

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic.

Question 5

What does the modern scientific study of culture define culture as?

Answer 5

information that gets transmitted from one individual to another via teaching and learning.

Question 6

What is cultural psychology?

Answer 6

cultural psychology is the study of psychological phenomena while accounting for cultural variation.

Question 7

What was found between western and non western children in their levels of self awareness?

Answer 7

Western children show mirror self-recognition at an earlier age (18-24 months) than children from some non-Western societies.

Question 8

What is the dictator game?

Answer 8

provides a basic quantitative measure of generosity and altruism towards another

Question 9

Who are the two players in the dictator game?

Answer 9

The dictator and the recipient

Question 10

What is the role of the dictator?

Answer 10

In other words, the dictator dictates an allocation of (monetary) resources in the smallest possible social group, a social group of two

Question 11

What are Geert Hofstede’s First Four Dimensions?

Answer 11

• Power distance
• Uncertainty avoidance
• Individualism-collectivism
• Femininity-masculinity

Question 12

What is power distance?

Answer 12

refers to the culture’s tolerance of hierarchy, i.e. differences in power.

Question 13

What happens in a culture high on power distance?

Answer 13

In a culture high on power distance, people accept hierarchy with little or no justification

Question 14

What happens in a culture low on power distance?

Answer 14

In a culture low on power distance, people require justification for a strong hierarchy

Question 15

What is uncertainty avoidance?

Answer 15

captures the extent to which people in a society are troubled by uncertainty and ambiguity.

Question 16

What happens in a culture high on uncertainty avoidance?

Answer 16

In a culture with high uncertainty avoidance, people emphasize planning, and they attempt to create stability with rules and structure.

Question 17

What happens in a culture low on uncertainty avoidance?

Answer 17

Under low uncertainty avoidance, there are fewer rules, less structure, and less rigidity

Question 18

What is Individualism-Collectivism?

Answer 18

Probably the most widely used dimension for measuring cross-cultural differences in psychology

Question 19

What is Individualism?

Answer 19

focuses on an autonomous bounded independent self who has stable attributes and is responsible for own behaviour.

Question 20

What i collectivism?

Answer 20

focuses on an interconnected group in which individuals conform to norms, and the group is jointly responsible for behaviour

Question 21

What is feminity-masculinity?

Answer 21

refers to a relative emphasis on values that are (stereo)typically masculine vs. feminine.

Question 22

How many children in Kenya passed the self-recognition test? Broesch et al. (2011)

Answer 22

In Kenya only 2 out of 82 children, ranging from 18 to 72 months old, passed the test (i.e. removed the mark).

Question 23

How many children in Kenya showed Freezing behaviour? Broesch et al. (2011)

Answer 23

80 out of 82 children in Kenya exhibited “freezing” behaviour in which they stared at themselves in the mirror without any attempt to touch or remove the mark.

Question 24

What does Broesch et al. (2011) test imply about children from Kenya at 6 years of age?

Answer 24

According to the conventional interpretation of the test, this would imply that even six-year-old children in Kenya lack self-awareness.

Question 25

What does ‘freezing’ behaviour suggest?

Answer 25

These results imply that 80 of 82 Kenyan children fully understood the images in the mirror, including the mark (Broesch et al., 2011), lack motivation to touch mark

Question 26

What is the suicide rate in China?

Answer 26

According to the World Health Organization, the suicide rate in China is 7.7 deaths per 100,000.

Question 27

What is the suicide rate in the US?

Answer 27

In the United States, the analogous rate is 19.5 deaths per 100,000

Question 28

What is a general weakness of cross cultural variation and studies?

Answer 28

Extrapolating from this incredibly narrow subject pool is unlikely to be valid