(9) Cross Cultural Variation Flashcards
In 2003/2007, what percentage of participants came from the US?
68% of participants in published experimental research came from the US (2003/2007).
what percentage of participants came from Western Industrialised countries?
96% of participants came from Western industrialized countries, especially US and Europe.
what percentage of participants were undergraduates?
80% of samples were composed solely of undergraduates.
What does Henrich et al, 2010’s W.E.I.R.D stand for?
Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic.
What does the modern scientific study of culture define culture as?
information that gets transmitted from one individual to another via teaching and learning.
What is cultural psychology?
cultural psychology is the study of psychological phenomena while accounting for cultural variation.
What was found between western and non western children in their levels of self awareness?
Western children show mirror self-recognition at an earlier age (18-24 months) than children from some non-Western societies.
What is the dictator game?
provides a basic quantitative measure of generosity and altruism towards another
Who are the two players in the dictator game?
The dictator and the recipient
What is the role of the dictator?
In other words, the dictator dictates an allocation of (monetary) resources in the smallest possible social group, a social group of two
What are Geert Hofstede’s First Four Dimensions?
- Power distance
- Uncertainty avoidance
- Individualism-collectivism
- Femininity-masculinity
What is power distance?
refers to the culture’s tolerance of hierarchy, i.e. differences in power.
What happens in a culture high on power distance?
In a culture high on power distance, people accept hierarchy with little or no justification
What happens in a culture low on power distance?
In a culture low on power distance, people require justification for a strong hierarchy
What is uncertainty avoidance?
captures the extent to which people in a society are troubled by uncertainty and ambiguity.
What happens in a culture high on uncertainty avoidance?
In a culture with high uncertainty avoidance, people emphasize planning, and they attempt to create stability with rules and structure.
What happens in a culture low on uncertainty avoidance?
Under low uncertainty avoidance, there are fewer rules, less structure, and less rigidity
What is Individualism-Collectivism?
Probably the most widely used dimension for measuring cross-cultural differences in psychology
What is Individualism?
focuses on an autonomous bounded independent self who has stable attributes and is responsible for own behaviour.
What i collectivism?
focuses on an interconnected group in which individuals conform to norms, and the group is jointly responsible for behaviour
What is feminity-masculinity?
refers to a relative emphasis on values that are (stereo)typically masculine vs. feminine.
How many children in Kenya passed the self-recognition test? Broesch et al. (2011)
In Kenya only 2 out of 82 children, ranging from 18 to 72 months old, passed the test (i.e. removed the mark).
How many children in Kenya showed Freezing behaviour? Broesch et al. (2011)
80 out of 82 children in Kenya exhibited “freezing” behaviour in which they stared at themselves in the mirror without any attempt to touch or remove the mark.
What does Broesch et al. (2011) test imply about children from Kenya at 6 years of age?
According to the conventional interpretation of the test, this would imply that even six-year-old children in Kenya lack self-awareness.
