(8) Attitudes Flashcards
What are attitudes?
More to do with favourability, positive or negative evaluation, attitudes can changes (definition stays the same)
How many components are there in attitudes?
three
What is the first component of an attitude?
affect (evaluation) for or against a psychological object (Thurstone, 1931)
What is the second component of an attitude?
consists of the mental readiness to act, and it guides evaluative responsive (Allport)
What is the third component of an attitude?
consists of the cognitive, affective and behavioural components (thought, feeling and action)
What are Katz & Scotland (1959); Haddock & Zanna (1998) three components of an attitude?
- Knowledge (cognitive)
- Feeling (affect)
- Action (behaviour)
Why do we need attitudes?
Helps us to quickly summarise a situation, person or object
What does Katz (1960) believe knowledge is?
provide meaningful, structured environment
What does Katz (1960) believe instrumentality is?
means to an end or goal
What does Katz (1960) believe Ego defence is?
protecting one’s self-esteem, superior attitude
What does Katz (1960) believe Value expressiveness is?
allowing people to display those values that uniquely identify and define them
What did Pratkanis and Greenwald, 1989 highlight?
Highlights an evaluative component, knowledge of an object is represented in memory along with a summary of how to appraise that object
What did Pratkanis and Greenwald, 1989 define an attitude as?
Attitude: a person’s evaluation of an object or thought
What is a Label for object?
Makes sense of the world Help to deal with environment
What is Evaluative summary?
Heuristic – a simple strategy for appraisal
What is a Supportive knowledge structure?
Schematic – organises and guides memory for events and actions
What is the Socialisation process (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975)?
Attitudes are learned rather than innate
What is the Mere-exposure effect (Zajonc, 1968)?
repeated exposure to an object results in greater attraction to that object
What is Classical conditioning (Staats, 1957; Zanna et al 1970)?
repeated association to a formerly neutral stimulus can elicit a reaction that was previously elicited by another stimulus (e.g. Little Albert)
What is Instrumental conditioning (Kimble, 1961)?
responses which yield positive outcomes or eliminate negative outcomes are strengthened (e.g. alcoholism, parenting)
What is Observational learning (Bandura, 1973)?
attitude formation is a social learning process. In modelling, one person’s behaviour is modelled by another (e.g. child imitating parent)
What is Thurstone’s way of measuring attitudes?
Thurstone’s model of equal-appearing intervals (point along an evaluative continuum, positive to negative)
What is Guttman’s way of measuring attitudes?
Guttman’s scalagram (uni-dimensional)
What is Osgood’s way of measuring attitudes?
Osgood’s semnatic differential (meaning to a given word)