9 - Cellular Respiration Flashcards
How long does ATP last in your body
30 sec
unstable, and not stored
Cellular respiration happens in 4 steps, list them
- Glycolysis
- Pyruvate processing
- Citric acid cycle
- Electron Transport & chemiosmosis
Where does glycolysis occur
in the cytosol
Why do we breathe
to metabolize glucose into CO2 + H2O + ATP
There are two main ways that ATP can be cashed in on, what are they
- Cellular respiration
- Fermentation
How many steps are there in glycolysis
10 steps
For each molecule of glucose that goes into glycolysis, what is the net result
- 2 molecules of ATP
- 2 molecules of NADH
- 2 molecules pyruvate
What happens when the are high levels of ATP in the system
ATP acts as an allosteric inhibition
What is feedback intuition
what a product impeds the process when its abundant
Where does the ATP bind when it is in abundance
onto the regulatory site
how many phosphate groups does the glycolysis process need to get over the energy barrier to start the reaction
2 ATP
Where is pyruvate processed
in the mitochondrial matrix
What does pyruvate react with as a coenzyme
Coenzyme A
What are the inputs for pyruvate processing
pyruvate
NAD+
Coenzyme A
What are the outputs for pyruvate processing
NADH
CO2
Acetyl CoA
When NAD+ are changed to NADH, what is occuring here
2 electrons are being given up
True/False
there are both positive and negative feedback controls for pyruvate processing
True
What is the purpose of the citric acid cycle
to extract electrons in CH3 bonds for acetyle CoA = has high PE
the citric acid cycle begins with ______ and ends with _________
citrate; oxaloatetate
Because glycosis produces ___ molecules of pyruvate, the citric acid cycle turns ___ times for each molecule processed in cellular respiration
2; 2
in the citric acid cycle, for each molecule of glucose, what are the outputs
6 CO2
10 NADH
2 FADH2
4 ATP
Is ubiquinoue a protein
no
it`s known as coenzyeme Q
what is a distigushing factor about coenzyme Q
consists of a carbon-containing ring witha hydrophobic tail
= moves easily through the membrane
How does a hibernating bear survive 7 months without eating and drinking. Don`t forget that the bear is exhaling H2O
through oxidative phosphoraliation - H2O is made
What is chemosmsis
the production of ATP via the proton gradient
the inner mitochondria mb acts as a dam and ATP synthase acts as a turbine with the BIG energy payoff
How many ATP molecules are made via chemiosmsis
25
What does aerobic mean
respiration that depends on O2
acts as electron acceptor
Which is in it`s oxiadized form NAD or NADH+
oxidized NAD
Reduced NADH+
What are the inputs and outputs in glucolysis
Net
- Inputs: 2 ATP, 2 NAD+, 4 ADP
- Outputs: 2ADP, 2 NADH, 4 ATP, 2 pyruvate
- Net: 2 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate
Think of the electron carrier as a shuttle bus, it can take 2 passengers, when it is full it is ________, when it is empty it is _______.
reduced; oxidized
A molecule that gains an electron is said to be
reduced
Cellular respiration occurs in 4 main stages, list them
- gylcolysis
- pyruvate processing
- cyclic acid cycle
- Electron transport chain
gylcolysis`s purpose is to break down glucose by _________
oxidation
the first 5 steps of glycolysis requires what
E`y and use of 2 ATP
_______________ occus whan an enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphorylated substrate to ADP, forming ATP
substrate-level phosphorylation
which step in gylcyosis is feedback inhibition regulated
step 3
in the citric acid cycle how many times does it go around for every glucose molecule split
2 times
b/c 2 pyruvate in
Glycolysis
Select one:
A. Has no connection with the respiratory transport chain
B. Reduces 2 NAD+ per glucose
C. Is the reverse of fermentation
D. Produces 1 ATP per glucose
E. Takes place in the mitochondrion
B
The majority of the ATP produced during aerobic respiration is made by
Select one:
A. the electrons carried by NADH
B. the movement of hydrogen ions through an ATP synthase enzyme
C. substrate-level phosphorylation
D. autophosphorylation
B
During a redox reaction the molecule that gains an electron has been
Select one:
A. Reduced and now has a higher energy level
B. Oxidized and now has a lower energy level
C. Oxidized and now has a higher energy level
D. Reduced and now has a lower energy level
A
Which statement about pyruvate is NOT true?
Select one:
A. It becomes reduced during fermentation
B. It is a protein
C. It contains three carbon atoms
D. It is the end product of glycolysis
E. It is a precursor of acetyl CoA
B
Fermentation
Select one:
A. Requires lactic acid
B. takes place in all animal cells
C. takes place in the mitochondrion
D. does not require O2
E. Prevents glycolysis
D
The respiratory transport chain
Select one:
A. Is located in the mitochondrial matrix
B. Includes only peripheral membrane proteins
C. Reoxidizes reduced coenzymes
D. Operates simultaneously with fermentation
C
Compared with fermentation, the aerobic pathways of glucose metabolism produce
Select one:
A. More ATP
B. More oxidized coenzymes
C. Fewer protons for pumping in the mitochondria
D. Lactic acid
E. Less CO2
A
The citric acid cycle
Select one:
A. Takes place in the mitochondrion
B. Produces 3 ATP
C. Reduces 2 NAD+ for every glucose processed
D. Is an extension of fermentation
A
In the process of lactic acid fermenation, what are the inputs, & outputs
- Inputs: 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH
- Outputs: 2 lactate, 2 NAD+
An alchohol fermentation what are the inputs and outputs?
- Inputs: Pyruvate is enzematically changed to acetyladehyde, 2 NADH
- Outputs: 2 CO2, 2 Ethanol, 2 NAD+
fat off a camels back used to produce water and other needs of the body, what is this process called?
oxidative phosphoralization
What is cytochrome C?
in chemiosmosis, it acts as a shuttle that transfers electrons b/t complexes
What process of cellular respiration makes water?
where
Complex 4 in the mitochondrial matrix
Where in the mitochondria does the buildup of H+ occur?
Intermembrane space
Why is oxygen the most effective of all electron acceptors?
because of its high electronegativity
Why do cells in anarobic respiration make less ATP than does an aerobic respiration system?
cells that do not use O2 cannot generate such a large potential energy difference, so cannot make as much ATP
Formation of ATP through the compination of proton pumping by electron transport chains and the action of ATP synthase is called _____________________
oxidative phosphorylation
____________ is a metabloic pathway that regenerates NAD+ from stockpiles of NADH and allows glycolysis to continue producting ATP in the absence of the the electron acceptor required by the ETC
fermentation
For each molecule of glucose metabolized, how many molecules of ATP are made by fermenation?
2 ATP
versus the approximate 30 made by cellulare respiration
In cells _________ are routinely broken down by enzymes to form glycerol and acetyl CoA. Glycerol enters the glycolytic pathway once it has been _____________ and _____________ to form glyceratldehyde-3-phospate- one of the intermediates in the 10-reaction sequence. Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle
fats
oxidized and phosphorylated
