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Biology > 11 - Plant Structure & Growth > Flashcards

11 - Plant Structure & Growth Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the purpose of the xylem?

location?

A

flow of ions

inside of the ring

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the phloem

Location?

A

moving sugar

exterior to the xylem

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3
Q

Define gymnosperms

give examples

A

naked seeds

ie douglas fir, ginko, cycads

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4
Q

define angiosperms

what are the two subdivisions

A

flowering plans

Monocots & dicots

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5
Q

how many sets of 1st leafs cotyledons does that monocot have

A

1

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6
Q

How many sets of 1st leaves cotyledons does a docot have

A

2

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7
Q

Monocots have ________ # of petals

Dicots have _________# of petals

A

Monocots = multiples of 3

Dicots multiples of 4/5

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8
Q

how can you distingusish between the leaves of a monocot and a dicot

A

Monocots have leaf veins that run parallel

Dicots have leaf veins that are branching or webbed

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9
Q

What is the difference between the vascular bundle location of the monocot versus the dicot

A

Monocot = scattered throughout

Dicot = vascular tissue in circular arangement

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10
Q

What is the difference between the monocot and dicot’s root systems?

A

Monocot = roots branching

Dicot = taproot

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11
Q

What are the three functions of the root system, plus list some of the adaptations

A
  1. Transportation - H2O
  2. Anchor - structural
  3. Storage of CHO

Adaptations: O2fixation, asexual reproduction

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12
Q

Describe root growth

A
  • Primary: growth in lenght
  • Secondary: growth in girth, yet not all roots do this
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13
Q

Name and describe the parts of the roots

A
  • Taproots: one main vertical root &/ lateral roots also called branching roots
  • Root hairs: extention of epidermal calls of the root
    • increase surface area
    • absorb H2O and minerals mostly near root tip
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14
Q

What are the three functions of the stems and list of some adaptations

A
  1. Support leaves
  2. Transport

Adaptations: PS, storage, a sex’l repro

ie: rhizomes - under the soil; stolon - runners of strawberries

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15
Q

__________ are the points at which the leaves are attached

A

Nodes

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16
Q

the stem segments between the nodes are called

A

internodes

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17
Q

name what is found at the tip of the main shoot

A

terminal bud

or

apical bud

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18
Q

____________ lead to grwoth of lateral branches

A

lateral buds

or

axillary buds

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19
Q

What are the primary and secondary forms of growth for the stems

A
  • Primary: growth in lenght
  • Secondary: growth in girth
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20
Q

What is the main function of the leaves?

Adaptations

A

main PS organ

Adaptations: support, protection, storage, reproduction

ie, tendrils, onion are leaves, storage in succulants, bracts of a pointestta = attract pollinators

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21
Q

Of the leaf, what is the flattened part called?

A

Blade

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22
Q

the stalk of the leaf is called what

A

petiole

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23
Q

what is the purpose of the stomata?

A

opening in leaves

allow gas x-change

2 guard cells- turgid = open; flaccid = closed

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24
Q

List some of the ways that cacti have adapted to their environment in terms of their roots, stems and leaves

A

Stems - PS, Storage

Leaves - protective spines, small in size = decreaed loss of H2O

Roots: deep taproot - searching for water

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25
Q

What is the dermal tissue of the plant?

A

the outter covering for protection

Epidermal cells cover surface of leaves and herbaceous plant

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26
Q

What is the waxy cuticle of the demis layer for in each roots and leaves

A
  • roots: these form root hairs
  • leaves: prevent water loss
27
Q

define periderm

A

cork cells replace epidermis in older, woody plants, for protection

28
Q

Plant tissue “ground” is composed of three types of specialized cells - what are they

A
  1. Parenchyma
  2. Collenchyma
  3. Sclerenchyma
29
Q

Plant tissues “ground” describe it’s function

A
  1. neither vascular nor dermal
  2. metabolisim, storage, structure, protection, PS
30
Q

Describe parenchyma

give examples

A
  • abundant tissue
  • various fxn
  • primary cell wall lonly

ex: PS cells, storage of starch, fleshy tissue of fruit

31
Q

Describe collenchyma and give examples

A
  • flexible support tissue
  • cell walls thickened
  • Examples: celery strings
32
Q

list they three types of ground tissue in least to greatest of structural support

A
  1. parenchyma
  2. collenchyma
  3. sclerenchyma
33
Q

Describe sclerenchyma

A
  • rigid support tissue
  • has secondary wall, evenly thickened
34
Q

list and describe they two types of sclerenchyma

A
  1. fiberous = hemp
  2. sclereids = nutshells, ritty parts of pears, water lily leaf
35
Q

Where do the pith and the cortex tissue lie in relation to the vascular tissue?

A
  • ** Pith** - internal to vascular tissue
  • Cortex - external to the vascular tissue
36
Q

vascular tissue - describe 2 functions

A
  1. Xylem: conducts H2O & ions from soil
  2. Phloem - conducts sugars from source to parts of plant
37
Q

Is it xylem or phloem that become dead at maturity to form sclerenchyma cells?

A

xylem

38
Q

At maturity xylem is _____ and provides _______ to plant

A

dead; structual support

39
Q

Phloem tissue has live cells arranged in a tubular fashion called _________

A

sieve tube elements

40
Q

Meristematic tissue - describe

A

centers for actively dividing cells

41
Q

list three specialized cells of meristematic tissue

A
  1. Apical meristem - growth lenght found in tips and shoots & lateral buds
  2. Vascular cambium - secondary growth in woody plants - girth
  3. Cork Cambium - also secondary growth, replaces epidermis of the young plant, growth of cork
42
Q

_______ is growth in lenght and is initiated from the _______ in the root and_____ tips and lateral buds.

A

Primary is growth in lenght and is initiated from the meristems in the root and the shoots tips and lateral buds

43
Q

___________ includes the growth of the stem, leaves, flowers, and roots

A

primary growth

44
Q

_____________ is growth in diameter

What is it due to?

A

secondary growth

vascular cambium and cork cambium

45
Q

Do the xylem rings change in size as they grow?

A

no

46
Q

_________ tissue get ruptured and squished as girth is added to the plant

A

phloem

47
Q

______ are modified stems that run over the soil surface

A

stolons

48
Q

__________ are modified stems that spread underground

what are their purpose

A

Rhixomes

produce new plants -a sex’l reproduction

storage of starch

49
Q

a leaf is composed of two major structures: and expanded portion called the ________ and a stalk called the ________

A

blade; petiole

50
Q

the plant body is organized into a _________ system and a _________ system

A

root

shoot

51
Q

The ground tissue that the vascular tissue runs through is divided into two major regions: ground tissue inside the vascular bundles is called _______; ground tissue outside the vasculare bundles is called the _________.

A

The ground tissue that the vascular tissue runs through is divided into two major regions: ground tissue inside the vascular bundles is called pith; ground tissue outside the vasculare bundles is called the cortex.

52
Q

__________ furnish the actual sites of water and nutrient absorption: the rest of the _______ provides structural support

A

root hairs

root system

53
Q

Cell plant cells are surrounded by a stiff, cellulose-rich ________ that supports the cell and defines its shape

A

cell wall

54
Q

_________ is the interface between the individual and the external envirnment. It’s primary function is to protect the plant body - from water loss, disease causing agents, and herbivores

A

dermal tissue

55
Q

Stomata consist of to specialized cells called _________

A

guard cells

56
Q

Most photosynthesis, as well as most CHO storage, takes place in the _______

A

ground tissue

57
Q

Primary growth results from cell division in ____________

A

apical meristems

58
Q

The meristems function is what

A

to extend the shoot system into the air and the root system into the soil

59
Q

The _________ system protects the individual; the _______ system makes and stores the molecules that make life possible; the _______ system moves those molecules from place to place and hold the plant up. Each of these systems consist of an array of distinctive cell and tissue types.

A

dermal

ground

vascular

60
Q

_______ forms between the secondary xylem & phloem inside the stem

A

vascular cambium

61
Q

________ produces both phloem and xylem

A

vascular cambium

62
Q

Which is a correct pairing of a tissue with its components?
Select one:

A. Epidermis: companion cells
B. Sclerenchyma: periderm
C. Parenchyma: sclereids
D. Phloem: sieve tube elements

A

Phloem: sieve tube elements

63
Q

Which statement about parenchyma cells is NOT true?
Select one:

A. They often function as storage depots
B. They are found only in stems and roots
C. They are the most common cell type in the plant body
D. They typically lack a secondary wall
E. They are alive when they perform their functions

A

B. They are found only in stems and roots

64
Q
A

Biology (18 decks)

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