11 - Plant Structure & Growth Flashcards
What is the purpose of the xylem?
location?
flow of ions
inside of the ring
What is the purpose of the phloem
Location?
moving sugar
exterior to the xylem
Define gymnosperms
give examples
naked seeds
ie douglas fir, ginko, cycads
define angiosperms
what are the two subdivisions
flowering plans
Monocots & dicots
how many sets of 1st leafs cotyledons does that monocot have
1
How many sets of 1st leaves cotyledons does a docot have
2
Monocots have ________ # of petals
Dicots have _________# of petals
Monocots = multiples of 3
Dicots multiples of 4/5
how can you distingusish between the leaves of a monocot and a dicot
Monocots have leaf veins that run parallel
Dicots have leaf veins that are branching or webbed
What is the difference between the vascular bundle location of the monocot versus the dicot
Monocot = scattered throughout
Dicot = vascular tissue in circular arangement
What is the difference between the monocot and dicot’s root systems?
Monocot = roots branching
Dicot = taproot
What are the three functions of the root system, plus list some of the adaptations
- Transportation - H2O
- Anchor - structural
- Storage of CHO
Adaptations: O2fixation, asexual reproduction
Describe root growth
- Primary: growth in lenght
- Secondary: growth in girth, yet not all roots do this
Name and describe the parts of the roots
- Taproots: one main vertical root &/ lateral roots also called branching roots
-
Root hairs: extention of epidermal calls of the root
- increase surface area
- absorb H2O and minerals mostly near root tip
What are the three functions of the stems and list of some adaptations
- Support leaves
- Transport
Adaptations: PS, storage, a sex’l repro
ie: rhizomes - under the soil; stolon - runners of strawberries
__________ are the points at which the leaves are attached
Nodes
the stem segments between the nodes are called
internodes
name what is found at the tip of the main shoot
terminal bud
or
apical bud
____________ lead to grwoth of lateral branches
lateral buds
or
axillary buds
What are the primary and secondary forms of growth for the stems
- Primary: growth in lenght
- Secondary: growth in girth
What is the main function of the leaves?
Adaptations
main PS organ
Adaptations: support, protection, storage, reproduction
ie, tendrils, onion are leaves, storage in succulants, bracts of a pointestta = attract pollinators
Of the leaf, what is the flattened part called?
Blade
the stalk of the leaf is called what
petiole
what is the purpose of the stomata?
opening in leaves
allow gas x-change
2 guard cells- turgid = open; flaccid = closed
List some of the ways that cacti have adapted to their environment in terms of their roots, stems and leaves
Stems - PS, Storage
Leaves - protective spines, small in size = decreaed loss of H2O
Roots: deep taproot - searching for water
What is the dermal tissue of the plant?
the outter covering for protection
Epidermal cells cover surface of leaves and herbaceous plant
What is the waxy cuticle of the demis layer for in each roots and leaves
- roots: these form root hairs
- leaves: prevent water loss
define periderm
cork cells replace epidermis in older, woody plants, for protection
Plant tissue “ground” is composed of three types of specialized cells - what are they
- Parenchyma
- Collenchyma
- Sclerenchyma
Plant tissues “ground” describe it’s function
- neither vascular nor dermal
- metabolisim, storage, structure, protection, PS
Describe parenchyma
give examples
- abundant tissue
- various fxn
- primary cell wall lonly
ex: PS cells, storage of starch, fleshy tissue of fruit
Describe collenchyma and give examples
- flexible support tissue
- cell walls thickened
- Examples: celery strings
list they three types of ground tissue in least to greatest of structural support
- parenchyma
- collenchyma
- sclerenchyma
Describe sclerenchyma
- rigid support tissue
- has secondary wall, evenly thickened
list and describe they two types of sclerenchyma
- fiberous = hemp
- sclereids = nutshells, ritty parts of pears, water lily leaf
Where do the pith and the cortex tissue lie in relation to the vascular tissue?
- ** Pith** - internal to vascular tissue
- Cortex - external to the vascular tissue
vascular tissue - describe 2 functions
- Xylem: conducts H2O & ions from soil
- Phloem - conducts sugars from source to parts of plant
Is it xylem or phloem that become dead at maturity to form sclerenchyma cells?
xylem
At maturity xylem is _____ and provides _______ to plant
dead; structual support
Phloem tissue has live cells arranged in a tubular fashion called _________
sieve tube elements
Meristematic tissue - describe
centers for actively dividing cells
list three specialized cells of meristematic tissue
- Apical meristem - growth lenght found in tips and shoots & lateral buds
- Vascular cambium - secondary growth in woody plants - girth
- Cork Cambium - also secondary growth, replaces epidermis of the young plant, growth of cork
_______ is growth in lenght and is initiated from the _______ in the root and_____ tips and lateral buds.
Primary is growth in lenght and is initiated from the meristems in the root and the shoots tips and lateral buds
___________ includes the growth of the stem, leaves, flowers, and roots
primary growth
_____________ is growth in diameter
What is it due to?
secondary growth
vascular cambium and cork cambium
Do the xylem rings change in size as they grow?
no
_________ tissue get ruptured and squished as girth is added to the plant
phloem
______ are modified stems that run over the soil surface
stolons
__________ are modified stems that spread underground
what are their purpose
Rhixomes
produce new plants -a sex’l reproduction
storage of starch
a leaf is composed of two major structures: and expanded portion called the ________ and a stalk called the ________
blade; petiole
the plant body is organized into a _________ system and a _________ system
root
shoot
The ground tissue that the vascular tissue runs through is divided into two major regions: ground tissue inside the vascular bundles is called _______; ground tissue outside the vasculare bundles is called the _________.
The ground tissue that the vascular tissue runs through is divided into two major regions: ground tissue inside the vascular bundles is called pith; ground tissue outside the vasculare bundles is called the cortex.
__________ furnish the actual sites of water and nutrient absorption: the rest of the _______ provides structural support
root hairs
root system
Cell plant cells are surrounded by a stiff, cellulose-rich ________ that supports the cell and defines its shape
cell wall
_________ is the interface between the individual and the external envirnment. It’s primary function is to protect the plant body - from water loss, disease causing agents, and herbivores
dermal tissue
Stomata consist of to specialized cells called _________
guard cells
Most photosynthesis, as well as most CHO storage, takes place in the _______
ground tissue
Primary growth results from cell division in ____________
apical meristems
The meristems function is what
to extend the shoot system into the air and the root system into the soil
The _________ system protects the individual; the _______ system makes and stores the molecules that make life possible; the _______ system moves those molecules from place to place and hold the plant up. Each of these systems consist of an array of distinctive cell and tissue types.
dermal
ground
vascular
_______ forms between the secondary xylem & phloem inside the stem
vascular cambium
________ produces both phloem and xylem
vascular cambium
Which is a correct pairing of a tissue with its components?
Select one:
A. Epidermis: companion cells
B. Sclerenchyma: periderm
C. Parenchyma: sclereids
D. Phloem: sieve tube elements
Phloem: sieve tube elements
Which statement about parenchyma cells is NOT true?
Select one:
A. They often function as storage depots
B. They are found only in stems and roots
C. They are the most common cell type in the plant body
D. They typically lack a secondary wall
E. They are alive when they perform their functions
B. They are found only in stems and roots
