19 - Defense Flashcards
What are the first lines of defense and give examples of each
- Mechanical: skin, mucus, hair, silica, mucosa mb, caughing, sneezing, sweat, urine
- Chemical: pH, sweat, earwax, stomach acid, pH - skin, lysosome saliva
The second line of defense is mounted on a cellular levels - name some of the white blood cells and give descriptions
- Neutrophil - phagocitic, most neumerous
- Macrophage - cleanup team
- Natural Killer Cell - kiss bacteria, cancer cells, transplaned cells
- Eosinophil - kills parasites
- Basophil/Mast cells - produces histamine, aid w/ other wbc
What are some of the indications of inflammation and how are those presnted on a cellular level?
- Redness - capillary widening, and increased capillary permeability -> attraction of white blood cells
- increased temperature - systemic response to increase communitation within host
- Swollen - capillary widening, and increased capillary permeability -> attraction of white blood cells
- pain - awareness of inflammation
What does the release of interleukin cause?
- the hypothalamus to reste the temp set poin to increase body temp
- inhibits microrganisim growth increased WBC production, sequestering more Fe; therefore prevents bacteria from reporducing
Causes us to feel lousy -> rest
When our skin is punctured and bacteria gain entry into the body, what happens?
chemokines are released by macrophages to indicate the injury -> send backup
histamines released by mast cells -> increase permeability of blood vessels - > allowing access by othe leukocytes
____________ is a message spread like a cloud throughout the body to warn the body that antigen has invaded a cell.
How does the boday respond
interferon
her cells procuce antivial proteins that bind down antigen so that it can`t replicate
As a result of receiving an interferon message, what will a cell do to prepare itself for a potential incoming antigen?
creates antiviral proteins that will bind down any antigens preventing the invated from replicating
list the phagocytic cells of the immun system
- B cells
- T- Cells
- THelper
- T cytotoxic
Non specific immunity: on the molecular scale, what are some of the complmentary proteins that supports the body?
Describe
- inflammation
- opsonisation - protein tagging the invader to make it easier for the phagocyte to grab onto
- membrane attack complex (MAC) - creates pores in the invaters cell wall which then allows the flow of water into the hypertone cell - cell death
What are the two classes of cells that are specific to immunity?
What is another name for them
- B cells
- T cells
- T killer
- T helper
lymphocytes
___________ is called cell-mediated immunity, and _____ immunity is called antibody mediated immunity or humoral immunity.
T cell
B cell
List antigens
- viruses
- bacteria
- proists
- fungi
- animal kingdom
- others: cance, diff blood type, allergen, organ transplant
T/F
Anitgens ahve a non specific respnse to T-cells
false
What are the three main categories of T cell
- T helper
- T cytotoxic cells
- T suppressor
What are major histocompatibility antigens (MHC)?
describe
- glycoproteins on surface of body cells except RBC
- unique to each persone except idential twins
- have either one or a combo of MHC I & MHC II
In which cells of the body are MHC’s not found
RBC
On what kind of cell would you find MCH-I?
ont he surface of all body cells except RBC - invloved in activating T cytotoxic cells
Where would you find MHC-II’s
on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC)
- macrphages, dendritic cells, and B cells
- activation support of T Helper cells
- found in at any enterance to the body
__________ are invloved in giving help to other specific immune cells
T Helper
An antigen presenting cell will _________ an Ag, break it into fragments then presend that Ag fragment together with ___________ to the _________ cell.
phagocytise
MHC-II
T helper
What are the two things that a T-Helper cell needs to signal a response?
- interaction with Ag-MHC-II comples
- stimulation by a cytokine interleukin
What happens after a T helper cell has been activated?
proliferated into clones and differentiates to become:
- T Helper cell - secreted interleukins to activate B & T cytotoxic cells
- T Helper memory cells
What is the advantage to having T helper memory cells?
if the invater returns, = much faster secondary immne response
still “virgin” cell
Do T helper cell kill cells?
No
they cativate B Cells and T cytotoxic cells
the general
When an individual is infected by HIV what is going on here?
The T helper cells are infected - generals taken out - the army becomes depleated, B cells and Tc cell activation not happening causing secondary illness
C cytotoxic cells are directed towards body cells that are _________.
Examples
abnormal
Cancer cells, virus or fungi infected
What must be in place to activate a Tc cell?
interaction with Ag + MHC-I
cytokine IL from THelper
Once a Tc has been activated, what are the next steps
Proliferation into clones
&
Differentiation to become either Tc clone cell or a Tc memory cell
Once a Tc clone cell has become active, what does it do now?
Causes self cell death to abnormal cells displaying this specific Ag via
- release of perforin - creades holes in cell mb = cell death
- release toxdin Lymphotoxin - causes DNA in abnormal cell to fragment = cell death
What is the advantage of the Tc memory cells?
ready to go once the same Ag presents again
What stops this whole cascade of events from spiraling out of control?
Regulatory T cells - communicates “slow down, we’re safe”
Which kind of immune cell acts against extracellular antigens
B cells
B cells have ______ on the surface of the cells specific to a ________
receptor
antigen
What does a B cell require in order to become activated?
- the interaction of the MHC-II & antigen
- Interleukin from B cell, & IL from T Helper
once conditions are correct, the B cell ahs interacted with the MHC-II & Ag, plus IL communication b/t THelper and B cell, what are the next steps and outcomes?
Proliferation and differentiation
- Plasma memory cells = fast 2nd dary response
- b/c plasma cells which then secretes antibodies (Ab) or also known as immunoglobulins (ig) that bind down Ag = inactive and ready for macrophages
Specific immunitey requires which kind of cells?
B cells
T cells
What activates an inactive lymphocyte?
- interaction with their Ag
- cytokine stimulation b//t cell mb proteins
what are the active B cells called
plasma cells
List some of the ways that an individual acn acquire immunity
- active
- natural - getting sick
- artificial - vaccination
- passive
- natural - breast milk, blood placenta barrier
- artificial - antibody infustion - antivenom
One function of antibodies is to
Select one:
A. Deactivate the complement system
B. Neutralize natural killer cells
C. Clump bacteria and viruses for easy phagocytosis by macrophages
D. Eliminate the chance for a secondary response
E. Kill viruses inside of cells
Clump bacteria and viruses for easy phagocytosis by macrophages
Cells that process foreign proteins and complex them with their MHC proteins are called
Select one:
A. Cytotoxic T cells
B. Plasma cells
C. NK cells
D. Antigen presenting cells
E. Helper T cells
Antigen presenting cells
Place the following steps of recognition of an antigen in the order in which they would occur:
- bacteria degraded
- dendritic cell engulfs bacteria
- T cells activated
- Antigens bind to class II MHC proteins
- Plasma cells and memory cells produced
Select one or more:
A. 5, 4, 3, 2, 1
B. 4, 3, 1, 2, 5
C. 3, 2, 1, 4, 5
D. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
E. 2, 1, 4, 3, 5
2, 1, 4, 3, 5
Components of the inflammatory response include all EXCEPT
Select one:
A. Macrophages
B. Neutrophils
C. B cells
D. Mast cells
E. Eosinophils
B Cells
A major difference between the activation of B cells and T cells is that
Select one:
A. T cells must interact with antigens bound to plasma membranes
B. B cells only interact with free antigens
C. B cells are not regulated by helper T cells
D. T cells produce antibodies
E. None of the above
T cells must interact with antigens bound to plasma membranes
How do B cells and Tc cells differ in their response to invaders?
Select one:
A. B cells confer active immunity; Tc cells confer passive immunity
B. B cells release Ab to attack; Tc cells release chemicals
C. B cells engage in the primary response, Tc cells engage in the secondary response
D. B cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity; Tc cells are involved in humoral immunity
B cells release Ab to attack; Tc cells release chemicals
Which of the following is NOT part of the body’s non-specific defense?
Select one:
A. complement
B. inflammation
C. T cell
D. interferon
E. macrophage
T Cell
Mary had a baby, whom she breast feeds. What type of immunity would the baby receive from her motherâs milk?
Select one:
A. active, natural immunity
B. active, artificial immunity
C. passive, natural immunity
D. passive, artificial immunity
E. none. Breast milk provides nutrition, not immunity.
passive, natural immunity
Which of the following pertains to a boy who has just inhaled an allergen (pollen) to which he has not developed immunity?
Select one:
A. lgE antibodies will degranulate mast cells
B. lgA in his respiratory secretions will inactivate the allergen
C. IFN will be released by infected cells
D. specific immune response will begin once the allergen is encountered by lymphocytes
specific immune response will begin once the allergen is encountered by lymphocytes
__________ makes bacteria easier for phagocytic cells to grab ahold of - tages them with compliment proteins = sticky
opsonisation
