9 — Basic principles and medical/biological applications of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)

Question 1

Which nuclei are able to give an NMR signal?

Answer 1

Question 2

List at least three nuclei which can be used in biological applications of nuclear magnetic resonance.

Answer 2

Question 3

What happens to the elementary magnetic moments in an external magnetic field?

Answer 3

Question 4

What are the possible states of the magnetic moment of a 1H nucleus in an external magnetic field?

Answer 4

Question 5

Give the equation describing the NMR resonance frequency of a nucleus as a function of the external magnetic field neglecting chemical shift?

Answer 5

Question 6

Define the gyromagnetic ratio of a nucleus

Answer 6

Question 7

What region of the electromagnetic spectrum can be used to excite nuclear spins placed in a magnetic field?

Answer 7

Question 8

What is the nuclear magneton?

Answer 8

Question 9

What factors influence the resonance frequency in NMR?

Answer 9

Question 10

How can the relative concentration of absorbing nuclei be determined from an NMR spectrum?

Answer 10

Question 11

What is chemical shift in NMR?

Answer 11

Question 12

What is the macroscopic consequence of the alignment of nuclear magnetic moments by the external magnetic field?

Answer 12

Question 13

What provides the signal in pulse NMR techniques?

Answer 13

Question 14

What is spin-spin and spin-lattice relaxation?

Answer 14

Question 15

What kind of parameters does an MRI image reveal?

Answer 15

Question 16

How is the signal localized in MRI?

Answer 16

Question 17

What is in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (in vivo MRS)?

Answer 17