Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro Unit 2 > 9 Basal Ganglia 1 > Flashcards

9 Basal Ganglia 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main function of the basal ganglia? What is another large function?

A

1) The production of internally generated movements.

2) learning and retention of complex motor tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

So, if you have a disorder affecting the basal ganglia, what will this primarily affect?

A

your movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a hypokinetic disorder? What is a very common hypokinetic disease?

A

where movement is dramatically reduced.

Parkinson’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a hyperkinetic disorder?

A

having excessive and uncontrollable movements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Huntingtons disease would be classified as hypo/hyper kinetic?

A

hyperkinetic because they have uncontrolled movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The basal ganglia is made up of which parts?

A

1) caudate nucleus
2) putamen
3) Globus pallidus
4) nucleus accumbens
5) olfactory tubercle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

which structures make up the corpus striatum?

A

caudate, putamen, globus pallidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

which structures make up the lentiform nucleus?

A

putamen and globus pallidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which structures make up the dorsal striatum?

A

caudate nucleus and putamen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which structures make up the ventral striatum?

A

nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, ventral parts of caudate nucleus and putamen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where is the substancia nigra located?

A

in the mesencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the mesencephalon?

A

the mid brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

when mentioned as “striatum” in the notes, what structures are being referred to?

A

putamen and caudate nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what separates the putamen and the caudate nucleus?

A

the internal capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is MSN? They go from where to where?

A

1) Medium sized spiny neurons

2) From the putamen/caudate nucleus to the globus pallidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

T/F Medium sized spiny neurons use GABA neurotransmitters? What does this mean?

A

True, this means that they are inhibitory
GABA=inhibitory
Glutamate=excitatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the function of inter-neurons in the basal ganglia?

A

they are excitatory to the MSN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The dendrites of MSN are plastic. What does this mean? What function do the dendrites have?

A

plastic= they can change properties and shape

The dendrites of the MSN neurons are thought to be the substrate for information storage in the striatum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do the dendritic spines of the MSN neurons change to quickly?

A

they form filopodia, that forms by actin reorganization, and later make a “spine” which is able to synapse with another axon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

T/F All MSN’s release are inhibitory?

A

True they all release GABA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the two divisions of MSN’s?

A

D2 dopamine receptor with Enkephalin

D1 dopamine receptor with Dynorphin and substance P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

describe the neurons of the globus pallidus?

A

large
few spines
release GABA

23
Q

T/F Although the Globus pallidus receives a large number of inhibitory signals from MSN, it is constantly active and fires at a high frequency?

A

True

24
Q

What are the two parts of the globus pallidus?

A

internal(medial) and external (lateral) segments

25
Q

What separates the subthalmic nuclei from the basal ganglia?

A

the crus cerebri

26
Q

The subthalmic nuclei send axons to _________ which are ________?

A 
Globus pallidus (internal) 
excitatory (glutamate)
27
Q

What are the two parts of the substantia nigra?

A 
pars reticulate (SNR)
pars compacta (SNC)
28
Q

What are the two output structures for the basal ganglia?

A

SNR and GPi (Globus pallidus internal segment)

29
Q

most cells in the SNR release what?

A

GABA

30
Q

most cells in the SNC release what?

A

Dopamine

31
Q

What is the overall effect of inhibiting the VA nucleus of the thalamus?

A

It prevents unwanted movements from happening. This is what goes wrong with Parkinson’s disease because no dopamine is released

32
Q

dopamine released from the SNC neurons will affect which areas of the brain?

A

1) striatum (MSN’s and interneurons)

2) GP and subthal. Nuc. (Both to lesser extent)

33
Q

The basal ganglia has two different types of loops which are?

A 
open loops 
closed loops (connect with same area providing input)
34
Q

which cortical areas send axons to the striatum? what are these tracts called?

A

ALL of them

corticostriate (they are all excitatory because they release glutamate)

35
Q

The corticalstriate projections mostly end up where?

A

on the dendrites of medium sized spiny neurons (MSN)

36
Q

The cortex of the frontal lobes send axons to where?

A

Head of the caudate nucleus

37
Q

The cortex of the parietal lobes send axons to where?

A

Body of the caudate nucleus

38
Q

The cortex of the occipital and temporal lobes send axons to where?

A

Tail of the caudate nucleus

39
Q

The somatosensory and motor cortices send axons to what?

A

The putamen

40
Q

The premotor cortex sends axons directly to where?

A

subthalmic nucleus

41
Q

The caudate nucleus mainly projects to what? What about the Putamen?

A

1) SNR (substantia nigra reticulata)

2) globus pallidus

42
Q

Striatal MSN’s are usually quiet. What does this mean?

A

This means that they are generally not firing, and to do so require activation through a combination of inputs.

43
Q

The major output for the basal ganglia is what?

A

The thalamus, which in turn innervates the cerebral cortex. (Think of diagram)

44
Q

The GPi mainly innervate what part of the thalamus? The thalamus then sends axons into the premotor and supplementary cortical areas to do what function?

A

1) The later VA nucleus

2) planning and initiation of movement

45
Q

The SNR send axons to what part of the thalamus? The thalamus then send the signals to the cortex to carry out which function?

A

1) the medial part of the VA nucleus (mainly) It can also innervate the MD nucleus of the thalamus which is control over movement.
2) voluntary eye movements

46
Q

T/F The centromedian-parafascicular complex (CM/PF) is the largest intralaminar cluster in the body?

A

True

47
Q

Where does the CM/PF complex receive its inputs from?

A

GPi and SNR

48
Q

The CM/PF complex innervates what?

A

Mainly:

1) premotor and supplementary motor areas (like VA)
2) motor cortex [area 4] (unlike VA)

49
Q

A lesion to the intralaminar nuclei causes what effect?

A

unilateral motor neglect

50
Q

The frontal eye fields are linked directly to what?

A

Head of the caudate nucleus

51
Q

The SNR sends axons to the superior(mainly) and inferior colliculi which which control what?

A

saccadic eye movements

52
Q

What is the oculomotor re-entrant loop?

A

frontal eye fields—>head of caudate nucleus—>SNR—>Medial VA—>frontal eye fields

53
Q

T/F The mid-brain tegmentum, the globus pallidus, the subthalmic nucleus, and the substantia nigra are all connected?

A

True (Think of diagram)

54
Q

The reticulospinal pathway projects form where to where?

A

basal ganglia to the spinal cord

Neuro Unit 2 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions