Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neuro Unit 2 > 9 Basal Ganglia 1 > Flashcards

9 Basal Ganglia 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main function of the basal ganglia? What is another large function?

A

1) The production of internally generated movements.

2) learning and retention of complex motor tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

So, if you have a disorder affecting the basal ganglia, what will this primarily affect?

A

your movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a hypokinetic disorder? What is a very common hypokinetic disease?

A

where movement is dramatically reduced.

Parkinson’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a hyperkinetic disorder?

A

having excessive and uncontrollable movements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Huntingtons disease would be classified as hypo/hyper kinetic?

A

hyperkinetic because they have uncontrolled movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The basal ganglia is made up of which parts?

A

1) caudate nucleus
2) putamen
3) Globus pallidus
4) nucleus accumbens
5) olfactory tubercle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

which structures make up the corpus striatum?

A

caudate, putamen, globus pallidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

which structures make up the lentiform nucleus?

A

putamen and globus pallidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which structures make up the dorsal striatum?

A

caudate nucleus and putamen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which structures make up the ventral striatum?

A

nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, ventral parts of caudate nucleus and putamen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where is the substancia nigra located?

A

in the mesencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the mesencephalon?

A

the mid brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

when mentioned as “striatum” in the notes, what structures are being referred to?

A

putamen and caudate nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what separates the putamen and the caudate nucleus?

A

the internal capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is MSN? They go from where to where?

A

1) Medium sized spiny neurons

2) From the putamen/caudate nucleus to the globus pallidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

T/F Medium sized spiny neurons use GABA neurotransmitters? What does this mean?

A

True, this means that they are inhibitory
GABA=inhibitory
Glutamate=excitatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the function of inter-neurons in the basal ganglia?

A

they are excitatory to the MSN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The dendrites of MSN are plastic. What does this mean? What function do the dendrites have?

A

plastic= they can change properties and shape

The dendrites of the MSN neurons are thought to be the substrate for information storage in the striatum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do the dendritic spines of the MSN neurons change to quickly?

A

they form filopodia, that forms by actin reorganization, and later make a “spine” which is able to synapse with another axon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

T/F All MSN’s release are inhibitory?

A

True they all release GABA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the two divisions of MSN’s?

A

D2 dopamine receptor with Enkephalin

D1 dopamine receptor with Dynorphin and substance P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

describe the neurons of the globus pallidus?

A

large
few spines
release GABA

23
Q

T/F Although the Globus pallidus receives a large number of inhibitory signals from MSN, it is constantly active and fires at a high frequency?

24
Q

What are the two parts of the globus pallidus?

A

internal(medial) and external (lateral) segments

25
What separates the subthalmic nuclei from the basal ganglia?
the crus cerebri
26
The subthalmic nuclei send axons to _________ which are ________?
``` Globus pallidus (internal) excitatory (glutamate) ```
27
What are the two parts of the substantia nigra?
``` pars reticulate (SNR) pars compacta (SNC) ```
28
What are the two output structures for the basal ganglia?
SNR and GPi (Globus pallidus internal segment)
29
most cells in the SNR release what?
GABA
30
most cells in the SNC release what?
Dopamine
31
What is the overall effect of inhibiting the VA nucleus of the thalamus?
It prevents unwanted movements from happening. This is what goes wrong with Parkinson's disease because no dopamine is released
32
dopamine released from the SNC neurons will affect which areas of the brain?
1) striatum (MSN's and interneurons) | 2) GP and subthal. Nuc. (Both to lesser extent)
33
The basal ganglia has two different types of loops which are?
``` open loops closed loops (connect with same area providing input) ```
34
which cortical areas send axons to the striatum? what are these tracts called?
ALL of them | corticostriate (they are all excitatory because they release glutamate)
35
The corticalstriate projections mostly end up where?
on the dendrites of medium sized spiny neurons (MSN)
36
The cortex of the frontal lobes send axons to where?
Head of the caudate nucleus
37
The cortex of the parietal lobes send axons to where?
Body of the caudate nucleus
38
The cortex of the occipital and temporal lobes send axons to where?
Tail of the caudate nucleus
39
The somatosensory and motor cortices send axons to what?
The putamen
40
The premotor cortex sends axons directly to where?
subthalmic nucleus
41
The caudate nucleus mainly projects to what? What about the Putamen?
1) SNR (substantia nigra reticulata) | 2) globus pallidus
42
Striatal MSN's are usually quiet. What does this mean?
This means that they are generally not firing, and to do so require activation through a combination of inputs.
43
The major output for the basal ganglia is what?
The thalamus, which in turn innervates the cerebral cortex. (Think of diagram)
44
The GPi mainly innervate what part of the thalamus? The thalamus then sends axons into the premotor and supplementary cortical areas to do what function?
1) The later VA nucleus | 2) planning and initiation of movement
45
The SNR send axons to what part of the thalamus? The thalamus then send the signals to the cortex to carry out which function?
1) the medial part of the VA nucleus (mainly) It can also innervate the MD nucleus of the thalamus which is control over movement. 2) voluntary eye movements
46
T/F The centromedian-parafascicular complex (CM/PF) is the largest intralaminar cluster in the body?
True
47
Where does the CM/PF complex receive its inputs from?
GPi and SNR
48
The CM/PF complex innervates what?
Mainly: 1) premotor and supplementary motor areas (like VA) 2) motor cortex [area 4] (unlike VA)
49
A lesion to the intralaminar nuclei causes what effect?
unilateral motor neglect
50
The frontal eye fields are linked directly to what?
Head of the caudate nucleus
51
The SNR sends axons to the superior(mainly) and inferior colliculi which which control what?
saccadic eye movements
52
What is the oculomotor re-entrant loop?
frontal eye fields--->head of caudate nucleus--->SNR--->Medial VA--->frontal eye fields
53
T/F The mid-brain tegmentum, the globus pallidus, the subthalmic nucleus, and the substantia nigra are all connected?
True (Think of diagram)
54
The reticulospinal pathway projects form where to where?
basal ganglia to the spinal cord

Neuro Unit 2 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions