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Neuro Unit 2 > 6 AuditoryVestibular > Flashcards

6 AuditoryVestibular Flashcards

1
Q

Does CN VIII only have afferent nerve fibers?

A

no–efferent too

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2
Q

What muscle attaches to the malleus and what nerve is it innervated by?

A

tensor tympani—CNV3

[Supression of self generated noise]

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3
Q

What muscle attaches to the stapes? What nerve innervates?

A

stapedius—VII [dampens sensitivity to large sounds]

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4
Q

What does damage to VII do to sound?

A

eliminates control resulting in extreme sensitivity (hyperacusis)

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5
Q

T-F— the tonotopic arrangement of the basilar membrane is maintained throughout the auditory system?

A

true

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6
Q

Excessive production of endolymph leads to what?

A

meniere’s disease

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7
Q

Are outer hair cells or inner hair cells more sensitive to damage from extreme loud sounds?

A

Outer

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8
Q

95% of the spinal ganglion cells are what type of nerve cell?

A

Type I that innervate inner hair cells.

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9
Q

The cochlear nerve emerges from the internal acoustic meatus and enters brain near what? Terminating where?

A
  • pontomedullary junction

- dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei

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10
Q

What 2nd order neurons are thought to be involved in the acoustic startle reflex?

A

cochlear root neurons

[send axons to pontine reticular formation which then send them to spinal cord]

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11
Q

What are the cochlear efferent fibers called? where do they begin? terminate?

A
  • olivocochlear bundle
  • superior olivary complex in pons
  • cochlear hair cells
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12
Q

Do crossed olivocochlear bundle fibers innervate outer or inner hair cells?

A

Outer (majority)

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13
Q

What is seen in patients with pontine strokes?

A

increased acoustic startle responses

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14
Q

What symptoms are found in patients with cochlear nerve problems?

A

tinnitus and unilateral deafness

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15
Q

What are two examples of cochlear nerve problems?

A
  • acoustic neuroma

- meningioma of the cerebellopontine angle

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16
Q

Is the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei located lateral or medial to the inferior cerebellar peduncle?

A

Lateral in the floor of the 4th ventricle

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17
Q

What is the path of axons leaving the dorsal cochlear nucleus?

A

cross midline at dorsal acoustic striae—–> ascend in the contralateral lateral lemniscus—->terminate in contralateral inferior colliculus

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18
Q

Where do the majority of axons from the ventral cochlear nucleus end?

A

bilaterally in the periolivary nuclei of the superior olivary complex

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19
Q

What are the 4 groups of the superior olivary complex?

A
  • medial superior olive
  • lateral superior olive
  • nucleus of the trapezoid body
  • periolivary nuclei
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20
Q

What function is distinct to the medial superior olive?

A

binaural ability to localize sound due to TIME OF ARRIVAL

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21
Q

What is the distinct function of the lateral superior olive?

A

binaural ability to localize sound due to INTENSITY CUES

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22
Q

output of medial superior olive is carried in lateral lemniscus to where?

A

ipsilateral inferior colliculus

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23
Q

what is the source of efferent olivocochlear bundle?

A

periolivary nuclei

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24
Q

Lesions of the lateral lemniscus and inferior colliculus result in what?

A

only diminution of hearing in the ear contralateral to the lesion

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25
Q

Lateral lemniscus carries information from what to what?

A

pontomedullary auditory nuclei to the inferior colliculus

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26
Q

Where does lateral lemniscus run in relation to the medial lemniscus?

A

dorsal and laterally

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27
Q

T-F— lateral lemniscus is greatly affected by strokes because of a weak blood supply?

A

False—the opposite is true (rich blood supply less stroke damage)

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28
Q

What is the main output of the inferior colliculus?

A

inferior quadrigeminal brachium to the ipsilateral medial geniculate body

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29
Q

T-F—inferior colliculus has a binaural tonotopic organization arranged in laminae?

A

True

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30
Q

The thalamic relays for auditory information are located where?

A

medial geniculate body

31
Q

What part of the medial geniculate body receives inputs from inferior colliclus and is tonotopically organized?

A

ventral nucleus

32
Q

Where does the ventral nucleus of the medial geniculate body project to?

A

acoustic and auditory radiations—-> primary auditory cortex

33
Q

Where is the auditory cortex located in humans?

A

superior surface of the temporal lobe buried deep in the lateral sylvian fissure [note: there is much anatomical variation between right and left}

34
Q

Where is primary auditory cortex found?

A

transverse temporal gyrus (heschl’s)

35
Q

What possesses a complete map of auditory frequencies?

A

primary auditory cortex

36
Q

What happens in damage to primary auditory cortex?

A

loss of any awareness of sound, but reflexes involving sound are maintained

37
Q

What area surrounds the primary auditory cortex? where do projections go?

A

belt auditory cortex—some projections go to Wernicke’s area

38
Q

T-F—all cortical auditory areas send axons back to the medial geniculate body, to the inferior colliculus and to the auditory cortex of the opposite hemisphere?

A

True

39
Q

Where are the majority of disturbances in auditory function generated?

A

peripheral structures of inner ear, middle ear and cochlear nerve

40
Q

Unilateral central lesions produce what changes in hearings?

A

subtle changes contralateral to lesion

41
Q

bilateral strokes of temporal lobes affect what? what do they generally not affect?

A
  • loss of ability to interpret speech

- sound sensitivity and ability to localize sound are less affected

42
Q

what type of seizure accompanies auditory hallucinations and tinnitus?

A

temporal lobe seizures

43
Q

what is the primary function of the lateral vestibule spinal tract?

A

maintain upright and balanced posture in response to both static and kinetic labyrinths

44
Q

T-F—all cortical auditory areas send axons back to the medial geniculate body, to the inferior colliculus and to the auditory cortex of the opposite hemisphere?

A

True

45
Q

Where are the majority of disturbances in auditory function generated?

A

peripheral structures of inner ear, middle ear and cochlear nerve

46
Q

Unilateral central lesions produce what changes in hearings?

A

subtle changes contralateral to lesion

47
Q

What are the clinical signs of damage to the vestibular system?

A 
VANN
vertigo
ataxia
nystagmus
nausea
48
Q

what type of seizure accompanies auditory hallucinations and tinnitus?

A

temporal lobe seizures

49
Q

what are otoliths made of?

A

calcium carbonate crystals

50
Q

T-F–the kinetic labyrinth is bilateral symmetrical?

A

True

51
Q

When the head experiences angular acceleration, what happens to the endolymph?

A

it lags behind due to inertia and deflect the cupula

52
Q

If excitation occurs in afferent neurons of one semicircular canal, what happens to the the opposing canal of the opposite semicircular duct?

A

causes inhibition of those afferents [push-pull operational mode]

53
Q

Where do axons from vestibular nerve synapse?

A

vestibular nuclear complex

54
Q

IS there an efferent part of the vestibular nerve?

A

yes-axons come from vicinity of the vestibular nuclear complex and help with signal processing

55
Q

Where is the second order component of the vestibular pathway located?

A

dorsally in the pons and medulla between lateral part of the 4th ventricle and the inferior cerebellar peduncle

56
Q

what are the 4 main vestibular nuclei?

A

lateral vestibular nuclei
medial
superior
inferior

57
Q

can all 4 main vestibular nuclei be seen in same cross section?

A

No—they are present in a considerable rostral caudal distance from the rostral medulla to middle pons

58
Q

Where are the main outputs of the vestibular nuclei to?

A
  • spinal cord
  • oculomoter
  • cerebellum
  • minor outputs to thalamus to parietal cortex
59
Q

What is vestibular information used for?

A

eye position, neck position, limb/body position reflexes

60
Q

What is the name of the reflex system for the the neck and vestibular system?

A

vestibular-collic reflex

[V-spinal and V-ocular for other reflexes]

61
Q

Damage to anterior cerebellar lobe and flocculonodular lobe leads to what clinical signs?

A

similar to those found after damage to the vestibular system

62
Q

What is the main function of the medial vestibule-spinal tract?

A
  • -adjust position of the head in response to change in posture
    • integrates head and eye movements via superior projections of MLF
63
Q

Do MLF fibers directly or indirectly innervate CN III and CN VI?

A

indirectly

64
Q

Does the medial or lateral vestibular tract arise from fibers from their respective nucleus on both sides?

A

medial does, lateral does not

65
Q

Activation of the lateral vestibular tract leads to what?

A

activation of axial extensors and inhibition of axial and appendicular flexors

66
Q

what is the primary function of the lateral vestibule spinal tract?

A

maintain upright and balanced posture in response to both static and kinetic labyrinths

67
Q

How many neurons are in the VOR arch?

A

3, primary afferent, vestibular nuclear neuron, and the oculomotor neuron

68
Q

In the VOR…what nucleus send excitatory fibers and which sends inhibitory fibers

A

medial vestibular nucleus = excitatory

superior vestibular nucleus= inhibitory

69
Q

What connects to the superior vestibular nucleus and inhibits the vestibuloocular reflex?

A

flocculus- permits smooth pursuit

70
Q

Presence or absence of the VOR can be used in comatose patients to determine what?

A

if the brainstem is intact—-doll head maneuver

71
Q

What are the clinical signs of damage to the vestibular system?

A 
VANN
vertigo
ataxia
nystagmus
nausea
72
Q

does meneire’s labrynthitis, and alcohol intoxication affect central connections?

A

No–peripheral

73
Q

Does dorsal medullary syndrome, affect the central connections of the vestibular system?

A

Yes

Neuro Unit 2 (12 decks)

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