4 Autonomics

Question 1

T-F—ANS has an efferent component, but no afferent component?

Answer 1

False–both

Question 2

In the efferent ANS, how many neurons connect the CNS to the target?

Answer 2

2

Question 3

What 3 things divide paraSNA and SNA?

Answer 3

neurotransmitter, anatomical location, peripheral target

Question 4

True or false–sympathetics are found in the brainstem?

Answer 4

No- parasympathetics

Question 5

That cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetics?

Answer 5

III, VII, IX, X

Question 6

Besides the brainstem, where are there parasympathetic pre-ganglionic nuclei?

Answer 6

S2-4

Question 7

Where are most pre-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons in the medulla located?

Answer 7

dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMX)

Question 8

ParSNA of CNX is secretomotor to mucous glands and motor to smooth muscle of the GI tract except to what?

Answer 8

Inhibitory to the pyloric sphincter

Question 9

Preganglionic neurons sending axons to postganglionic neurons in the subpericardial tissue are located where?

Answer 9

nucleus ambiguus

Question 10

T-F– there is a small amount of DMX sent to the smooth muscle of bronchi and bronchioles?

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Pre ganglionic neurons in the inferior salivatory nuclei go to what ganglion?

Answer 11

otic ganglion

Question 12

Pre ganglionic neurons in the superior salivatory nuclei go to what ganglion?

Answer 12

pterygopalatine ganglia

Question 13

Where are the inferior and superior salivatory nucleus located?

Answer 13

pons

Question 14

where are pre-ganglionic neurons located in the midbrain?

Answer 14

edinger-westphal

Question 15

What do neurons in the edinger-westphal nucleus innervate?

Answer 15

ciliary ganglia—-> cliaris (accommodation) and sphincter pupillae

Question 16

What do parasympathetic arising from the sacral regions innervate?

Answer 16

• mostly bladder
• GI from distal 1/3 transverse colon to upper anal canal
• erectile tissue in penis/clitoris

Question 17

Where are the post-ganglionic neurons located in the sympathetics?

Answer 17

paravertebral sympathetic chain ganglion [axons are present in every peripheral and cranial nerve]

Question 18

T-F–the sympathetic system can control individual actions in individual organs

Answer 18

True [individual pre-ganglionic neurons generally innervate groups of post ganglionic with the same function]

Question 19

how does separation of actions by the sympathetics occur?

Answer 19

individual pre-ganglionic neurons innervate groups of post-ganglionics with the same function

Question 20

What are post-ganglionic sympathetics excitatory motor to?

Answer 20

Smooth muscle of 
-blood vessels
-hair follicles
-iris
-uterus-
-urethra
-vasdeferens
-

Question 21

What receptor type mediates smooth muscle from the sympathetics?

Answer 21

alpha1 adrenergic receptors

Question 22

What does sympathetics to the smooth muscle in the bronchioles and GI tract cause?

Answer 22

cells to relax

Question 23

T-F–post-ganglionic sypmathetics innervate sweat glands?

Answer 23

True

Question 24

What does pre-ganglionic input to adrenal medulla cause?

Answer 24

chromatin cells to release norepinephrine and epinephrine into the blood

Question 25

Pre and post ganglionic neurons in the paraSNA use what neurotransmitter?

Answer 25

acetylcholine

Question 26

Post ganglionics of sympathetics use what neurotransmitter?

Answer 26

norepinephrine (except for acetylcholine)

Question 27

preganglionic sypathetics use what neurotransmitter?

Answer 27

acetylcholine

Question 28

What are the two groups of visceral afferents?

Answer 28

cranial nerve afferents | spinal afferents

Question 29

Cranial nerve afferents have their cell bodies where?

Answer 29

nodose ganglion and inferior glossopharyngeal ganglia

Question 30

Where do cranial nerve afferents terminate?

Answer 30

nucleus of the solitary tract

Question 31

Where do spinal afferents have their cell bodies?

Answer 31

DRG

Question 32

Second order neurons of the spinal afferents terminate where?

Answer 32

ventroposterolateral thalamic nucleus (but also give branches to the NTS)

Question 33

What type of signals to spinal afferents transmit?

Answer 33

mechano and chemoreceptors in the pelvic viscera and pain/temp of all viscera

Question 34

What are the 3 main levels of control over the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 34

locally, brainstem, hypothalamus

Question 35

What is the head ganglion of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 35

hypothalamus

Question 36

what is the pattern generator function of the ventrolateral medulla?

Answer 36

blood pressure and HR

Question 37

What is the pattern generator function of the dorsomedial medulla?

Answer 37

vomiting

Question 38

What is the central medullary reticular formation pattern generator function?

Answer 38

swallowing

Question 39

What is the pattern generator function of the nucleus raphe pallidus?

Answer 39

thermoregulation

Question 40

What is the pattern generator function of pontine micturition center?

Answer 40

control bladder function

Question 41

what is the periaqueductal gray in the midbrain pattern generator function?

Answer 41

autonomic functions of complex behaviors like defense

Question 42

What pattern generator function does the pretectal region have?

Answer 42

pupillary light reflex

Question 43

baroreceptor reflex involves what neural pathways/structures?

Answer 43

afferent loop (IX and X) NTS ventrolateral medulla vagal/sympathetic outflow

Question 44

Where do afferents from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors terminate?

Answer 44

caudal NTS

Question 45

Does external nucleus ambiguous send axons via CNX or does the ventrolateral medulla?

Answer 45

ambiguus | ventrolateral medulla gives of pre-ganglionic sympathetics

Question 46

pre-ganglionic sypmathetics innervate what structures to control blood pressure (cardiomotor)?

Answer 46

renal artery, peripheral vascular beds , the heart

Question 47

Are baroreceptor afferents excitatory or inhibitory to the NTS? NTS to caudal ventrolateral medulla?

Answer 47

excitatory, and excitatory

Question 48

baroreceptor afferents Excitatory input to the nucleus ambiguous leads to what?

Answer 48

slowing of heart rate and contraction strength

Question 49

Are CVLM neurons inhibitory or excitatory? where do the send their axons to?

Answer 49

inhibitory | RVLM

Question 50

Increases in blood pressure do what to the RVLM?

Answer 50

inhibits it leading to reduction of heart rate, sympathetic tone in the vasculature and drop in peripheral resistance

Question 51

T-F---increased sensitivity in the carotid sinus occurs with age?

Answer 51

True (slight increases can lead to dramatic blood pressure drops)

Question 52

What are the 4 integrative centers in the pons and medulla for respiratory control?

Answer 52

dorsal respiratory group ventral respiratory group pneumotaxic center apneustic center

Question 53

Ventrolateral NTS and adjacent reticular formation forms?

Answer 53

dorsal respiratory group

Question 54

Dorsal respiratory group sends inhibitory or excitatory axons? to where?

Answer 54

excitatory | phrenic nucleus

Question 55

reticular formation ventrolateral to nucleus ambiguus contains the what? what does it control?

Answer 55

``` ventral respiratory group forced expiration(very sensitive to CO2) ```

Question 56

is the pneumotaxic center located in the lower pons?

Answer 56

No- upper pons near the superior cerebellar peduncle

Question 57

What does the pneumotaxic center control?

Answer 57

end inspiration by inhibiting the dorsal respiratory group (helps set rate)

Question 58

What does apneustic center drive?

Answer 58

inspiration

Question 59

What is the apneustic center inhibited by?

Answer 59

pneumotaxic center and by lung stretch receptors

Question 60

T-F---barbiturates excite pneumotaxic center and therefore lead to end inspiration?

Answer 60

they inhibit pneumotaxic center and reduce respiratory rythmyms-----they also block the stimulating effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia

Question 61

What syndrome- rare congenital disorder believed to play a role in SIDS, abnormal development of neurons in respiratory groups, respiration stops during sleep?

Answer 61

Ondine's curse

Question 62

What is deep rapid breathing followed by phases of apnea? what is it cause by?

Answer 62

central sleep apnea | loss of inspiratory drive and altered response to hypoxia

Question 63

Parasympathetics of the pelvic splanchnics innervated what bladder muscle? activation causes?

Answer 63

detrusor muscle--activation causes bladder contraction and sphincter relaxation

Question 64

somatomotor fibers from Onuf's nucleus (S2) innervates what?

Answer 64

the external urethral sphincter for voluntary control over voiding

Question 65

afferents from stretch receptors in the bladder end where?

Answer 65

T11-L1 but send branches to cell bodies of pelvic splanchnics

Question 66

What does sympathetics do to the bladder?

Answer 66

relax detrussor | contract internal sphincter

Question 67

What are the 2 centers for bladder control in the upper pons?

Answer 67

pontine micturition center | pontine storage center

Question 68

Pontine lesions affecting pontine micturation center cause?

Answer 68

urinary retention

Question 69

What nucleus center controls thermoregulation? where is it located?

Answer 69

- nucleus raphe pallidus | - ventral midline of medulla

Question 70

Post ganglionic neurons from the RPa use what neurotransmitter for excitatory? inhibitory?

Answer 70

glutamate | serotonin

Question 71

RPa receives excitatory input from what?

Answer 71

cold sensitive posterior hypothalumus

Question 72

What is RPa inhibited by?

Answer 72

heat sensitive anterior hypothalamus

Question 73

T-F--- excitated RPa leads to vasodilation of peripheral vasculature and constriction of central arterial beds?

Answer 73

False- the opposite is true--->heat retention

Question 74

Does adrenal gland activity increase or decreased with increased body temperature?

Answer 74

decreases

Question 75

What types of special receptors do RPa neurons have involved in fever production?

Answer 75

prostaglandin EP3 receptors