1 Brainstem Overview

Question 1

The medulla, pons, and midbrain make up what?

Answer 1

brainstem

Question 2

What developmental plate is sensory?

Answer 2

Alar plate

Question 3

What developmental plate is motor?

Answer 3

basal plate

Question 4

What structures does the rhombencephalon contain?

Answer 4

medulla and pons (two structures make a rhomboid in the back)

Question 5

What major gene generates segmentation in the developing brain?

Answer 5

Hox

Question 6

What is the first sign o regionalization in the CNS?

Answer 6

appearance of primary brain vesicles (prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombocephalon)

Question 7

What determines the rostral caudal location of motor cranial nerve nuclei?

Answer 7

Rhombomeres

Question 8

What demarcates the dorsoventral pattern of the developing neural tube separating the mantle layer?

Answer 8

sulcus limitans

Question 9

What are the 3 zones in the developing neural tube?

Answer 9

ependymal, mantle (gray), marginal (white)

Question 10

Does alar plate or basal plate contain sensory nuclei?

Answer 10

alar plate

Question 11

Is the GSA or GVA more dorsal?

Answer 11

GSA

Question 12

What nerve type represents pain, temperature, touch, proprioception, from skin and deep tissues?

Answer 12

GSA

Question 13

What nerve type represents sensory information from organs including nociceptors, mechanoreceptors, specialized receptor structures?

Answer 13

GVA

Question 14

What nerve type represents innervation of most skeletal muscle?

Answer 14

GSE

Question 15

What nerve type represents paraSNA/SNA pre- and postganglionic neurons, secretomotor, vasomotor, cardiomotor, smooth muscle, glands, adrenal medulla??

Answer 15

GVE

Question 16

What 3 things does a branchial archs give rise to?

Answer 16

skeletal structure, related muscle group, cranial nerve

Question 17

What head muscles are innervated by CNs but not from a branchial arch?

Answer 17

tongue and eye muscles (GSE control)

Question 18

Muscle and nerve from Arch 3?

Answer 18

stylopharyngeus CNIX

Question 19

Muscle and nerve from Arch 4?

Answer 19

cricothyroid X (external laryngeal)

Question 20

Muscle and nerve from Arch 1?

Answer 20

mm. of mastication CNV

Question 21

Muscle and nerve from arch 2?

Answer 21

mm of facial expression CNVII

Question 22

Muscle and nerve from arch 6?

Answer 22

intrinsic larygeal muscles CNX

Question 23

What type of nerve category represents the muscles of mastication, facial expression, middle ear, palatal, pharyngeal, and laryngeal?

Answer 23

special visceral efferents (SVE)

Question 24

What doe the SVA do?

Answer 24

TASTE- CN VII, IX, X

Question 25

T-F- all sensory from CNV is GSA?

Answer 25

True

Question 26

where do taste nerves from CN VII end?

Answer 26

nucleus of the solitary tract

Question 27

What CN is associated with SSA?

Answer 27

CNVIII

Question 28

Which neural category migrates ventrally and then laterally?

Answer 28

SVE

Question 29

What kind of nerve fibers represent motor to muscles derived from branchial arches?

Answer 29

SVE

Question 30

What brainstem nuclei (GSE) exist for skeletal muscle of non-branchial origin?

Answer 30

Oculomotor (Rostral) Trochlear Abducens Hypoglossal (Caudal)

Question 31

What brainstem structure houses the hypoglossal nucleus?

Answer 31

medulla

Question 32

What motor nucleus to the eye is housed in the pons?

Answer 32

VI

Question 33

What motor nuclei for eye is found in the midbrain?

Answer 33

IV and III

Question 34

what portion of the brainstem must be injured for damage of nerves innervating motor and the tongue?

Answer 34

midline of the brainstem

Question 35

What cranial nerves are found in the nucleus ambiguous?

Answer 35

IX and X (medulla)

Question 36

Where is spinal accessory nucleus found?

Answer 36

ventral gray (medulla and upper cervical spine segments)

Question 37

Does the nucleus ambiguous have a SVE and a GVE component?

Answer 37

yes

Question 38

What region of the brainstem houses the facial nucleus and motor nucleus of CN V?

Answer 38

PONS

Question 39

What innervates the stapedius?

Answer 39

CN VII

Question 40

What innervates anterior digastric? Posterior?

Answer 40

CNV, CNVII

Question 41

What innervates the tensor tympani and tensor veil palatini

Answer 41

CNV

Question 42

Lesions of what area of brainstem usually affect branchiomotor nuclei?

Answer 42

lateral brainstem

Question 43

Where is the dorsal motor nucleus found? What nerve fiber type?

Answer 43

Medulla, GVE

Question 44

What CN is the inferior salivatory nucleus? Where is it located? Innervates what?

Answer 44

IX, Medulla, Parotid gland

Question 45

What CN is the superior salivatory nucleus?

Answer 45

VII, --->chorda tympani---> lingual branch CNV---> submandibular ganglion ----> salivary glands

Question 46

What CN is Edinger westfal nucleus? What do they innervate?

Answer 46

III, pupillary sphincter and ciliary muscle

Question 47

Do postganglionic sympathetic fibers ever come from brainstem nuclei?

Answer 47

no---although all CN have them, they go through cervical ganglion first

Question 48

What is the external formation of nucleus ambiguous?

Answer 48

GVE of CN X destined to innervate cardiac ganglia

Question 49

What brainstem nucleus provides input to the pterygopalatine ganglion and induces cerebral vasodilation?

Answer 49

superior salivatory nucleus

Question 50

What receives all GVA and SVA terminations from VII, IX, and X?

Answer 50

NTS (nucleus tractus solitaris)

Question 51

Caudal part of NTS GVA receives sensory information from what?

Answer 51

thoracic and abdominal viscera via X, | carotid sinus and body via IX

Question 52

Rostral part of NTS SVA receives sensory from what?

Answer 52

taste buds via VII and IX

Question 53

What do the SVA and GVA neurons also send branches to the nucleus ambiguous and dorsal motor nucleus for?

Answer 53

autonomic reflexes

Question 54

What is the only nucleus with 1st order afferent neurons in CNS? What does it carry?

Answer 54

mesencephalic nucleus, conscious and unconscious proprioception info from mastication and periodontal ligaments.

Question 55

What is the termination site of all Cranial Nerve GSA afferents?

Answer 55

trigeminal sensory complex

Question 56

What receives pain, temp, and crude touch info from the head, face, nasal and oral cavities and the ear? where is it located?

Answer 56

spinal nucleus of the trigeminal, medulla

Question 57

what receives touch and pressure information from head, face, and oral cavity (solely V)? where is it?

Answer 57

main sensory nucleus of the trigeminal, pons

Question 58

Where is the cochlear and vestibular nuclei located?

Answer 58

far dorsolateral surface of the medulla and pons

Question 59

T-F---The lateral and superior vestibular nuclei is found in the medulla?

Answer 59

False, It is located in pons (dorsal and ventral, and medial and inferior are located in medulla)

Question 60

Lesions affection the dorsolateral pons and medulla usually affect what?

Answer 60

GSA and SSA

Question 61

T-F---lesions damaging descending systems cannot affect CNs arising at lower levels?

Answer 61

false

Question 62

T-F---lesions of brainstem usually produce ipsilateral cranial nerve signs and ipsilateral body signs?

Answer 62

False-contralateral body signs

Question 63

T-F--- more dorsal lesions tend to produce CN signs with ipsilateral body sensory loss?

Answer 63

False- contralateral body sensory loss

Question 64

T-F--- Ventral lesions tend to produce CN signs with contralateral body motor loss?

Answer 64

True

Question 65

T-F--- cranial nerve fibers pass through only one vascular zone so can only be affected by stokes at the respective nucleus?

Answer 65

False---multiple vascular zone and can be affected some way away from respective nucleus.