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Neuro Unit 2 > 5 Midbrain > Flashcards

5 Midbrain Flashcards

1
Q

Is the inferior or superior colliculi involved in auditory pathways?

A

inferior

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2
Q

T-F the tegmentum is found between the substantia nigra and the basis pedunculi?

A

False–substantia nigra is between the other two

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3
Q

What section of the midbrain is parkinson’s disease involved in?

A

Substantia nigra

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4
Q

lesions involving the midbrain usually lead to signs and symptoms involving what?

A

eye movements and/or pupillary reflexes

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5
Q

T-F–the midbrain is the largest component of the brainstem?

A

False–it is the smallest

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6
Q

In the midbrain the basis pontis becomes the ?

A

basis pedunculi

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7
Q

What does the basis pedunculi consist of ?

A

Corticofugal tracts–White matter tracts from the brain to many parts of the lower CNS and body.

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8
Q

In the midbrain, the pontine tegmentum becomes what?

A

midbrain tegmentum- CN nuclei, periaqueductal grey and major ascending/descending tracts

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9
Q

In the midbrain, the superior medullary velum becomes?

A

tectum-

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10
Q

What does the tectum include?

A

superior and inferior colliculi

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11
Q

What does the 4th ventricle become in the midbrain?

A

cerebral aqueduct

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12
Q

What constitutes the crus or legs of the brain?

A

base of the cerebral peduncles

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13
Q

The depression between the two peduncles is called what?

A

interpeduncular fossa

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14
Q

What 2 CN GSE nuclei are in the midbrain?

A

IV and III

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15
Q

What GVE nucleus is in the midbrain?

A

Edinger-westphal

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16
Q

What GSA nucleus is in the midbrain?

A

mesencephalic n. of V

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17
Q

What does the mesencephalic n. of the V receive?

A

nonconcious (some conscious) proprioceptive signals from the face and head

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18
Q

What are the two large motor related areas in the midbrain?

A

red nucleus and substantial nigra

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19
Q

What part of the midbrain mediates reflex postural movements of the head in response to visual and auditory stimuli?

A

superior colliculus

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20
Q

What 3 structures primarily make up the caudal portion of midbrain?

A
  • inferior colliculus
    -trochlear nerve
    -superior cerebellar peduncle
    [mesencephalic n of V begins]
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21
Q

What is the obligatory relay in transmitting auditory information from lower relay nuclei in the auditory pathway.

A

inferior colliculus

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22
Q

T-F the trochlear nucleus is found in the tegmentum at the level of the inferior colliculus?

A

True

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23
Q

The trochlear nucleus axons run where?

A
  • dorsolaterally and caudally
  • superior medullar velum
  • cross midline and emerge dorsal surface just caudal to inferior colliculi
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24
Q

T-F– the right trochlear nerve gives rise to the left trochlear nerve.

A

True

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25
Q

Only muscle to depress eye while looking at the nose?

A

superior oblique

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26
Q

What do patients present with when they have trochlear nerve damage?

A

pathetic appearance

-tilt head towards non lesioned side and chin tuck (looking up slightly helps the extorsion)

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27
Q

What is the output bundle of the cerebellum?

A

superior cerebellar peduncle

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28
Q

What does the superior cerebellar peduncle contain? where does it lead?

A

efferent fibers from deep nuclei of the cerebellum projecting to the ventro lateral nucleus thalamus

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29
Q

What often accompanies midbrain segmental syndromes?

A

cerebellar signs such as a coarse tremor on movement

30
Q

What is the primary proprioceptive info to the mesencephalic n. of V?

A

muscles of mastication

[also periodontal ligament and facial/tongue muscles

31
Q

T-F–the neurons of the mesencephalic nucleus are primary afferent neurons that ended up in the midbrain?

A

true

32
Q

T-F– there are many classical synapses in the mesencephalic nucleus?

A

False- communication is by electrical impulses

33
Q

Where does the mesencephalic nucleus send axons?

A

supratrigeminal nucleus between the motor nucleus and main sensory nucleus

34
Q

What is the major output target of the mesencephalic nucleus?

A

motor nucleus of V

35
Q

UMN signs resulting from damage to corticobulbar inputs to Motor nucleus of V cause what?

A

exaggerated jaw-jerk reflex (usually can’t find when normal)

36
Q

Which direction do oculomotor fibers pass in the midbrain?

A

ventrally through the tegmentum

37
Q

T-F—oculomotor nuclei has GSE and GVE components?

A

True

38
Q

What is the GVE component of the oculomotor nuclei?

A

edinger westphal-constricor pupillae and ciliary muscle

39
Q

What does the eye do in 3rd nerve palsy??

A

down and out

  • ipsilateral lateral strabismus
  • depression
  • ipsilateral ptosis
  • ipsilateral mydriasis
  • loss of direct and consensual pupillary light reflex in ipsilateral eye
40
Q

T-f—vertical conjugate gaze is controlled by neurons in the rostral midbrain

A

True- vertical conjugate gaze center

41
Q

Lesions of the rostral dorsal medbrain can lead to what in the eyes?

A

paralysis of vertical gaze (usually upwards)(Parinaud’s syndrome)

42
Q

Branches coming off of the optic tract before the lateral geniculate body enter the rostral midbrain and synapse on what?

A

pretectal nucleus (rostral to superior colliculus)

43
Q

Where do pretectal nuclei end axons?

A

to the ipsilateral and contralateral edinger westphal nuclei

44
Q

Where do axons from pretectal to contralateral edinger westphal cross?

A

posterior commissure

45
Q

The outer layers of the superior colliculi receive input from where?

A

retina and cerebral cortex

46
Q

The deep layers of the inferior colliculi receive input from where?

A

inferior colliculus
spinal nucleus of V
spinal cord

47
Q

Outputs of the superior colliculus extend to where?

A

ventromedially around the PAG to cross dorsal tegmentum and descend via tectospinal tract

48
Q

What are the names of the fibers from the superior colliculus to the oculomotor nuclei?

A

tecto-bulbar fibers

49
Q

slow tectospinal reflex leads to what?

A

turn head and eyes toward stimuus

50
Q

fast tectospinal reflex leads to what?

A

turn the head away from stimulus

51
Q

What is involved in producing saccadic eye movements?

A

superior colliculus

52
Q

What are the two sub-divisions of the substantial nigra?

A

pars compacta and pars reticulata

53
Q

What portion of the substantia nigra is adjacent to the tegmentum and contains mostly dopamine synthesizing neurons?

A

pars compacta

54
Q

What portion of the substatia nigra is adjacent to the crus cerebra and contains GABA neurons, continuation of globes pallid us?

A

pars reticulata

55
Q

Are GABA inhibitory?

A

yes

56
Q

what portion of substantia nigra is important for basal ganglia

A

pars compacta

57
Q

Degeneration of what is found in parkinsons?

A

pars compacta of substantia nigra

58
Q

In most mammals, what is the red nucleus good for?

A

generating gait

59
Q

What is the major output of the red nucleus in humans?

A

rubro-olivary tract to the inferior olive

60
Q

What is the best known component of the endogenous analgesia system?

A

periaqueductal gray

61
Q

What is deeply involved in stereotypic adaptive behaviors and reproductive behaviors? what is the driving force?

A

ventral periaqueductal gray—PAIN seems to be driving force

62
Q

What is an important cluster of neurons in the midbrain tegmentum and upper pons that is critical for sleep/wake, attention and consciousness?

A

mesencephalic reticular formation

63
Q

What are the cell groups identified by in the mesencephalic reticular formation?

A

their specific neurotransmitters

64
Q

What does the mesopontine cholinergic cells of the mesencephalic reticular formation innervate? what activity is it associated with?

A

thalamus

forced attention and consciousness

65
Q

The midline midbrain of mesencephalic nucleus contains what types of neurons? what activity is its main function?

A

serotonin

improve signal to noise ratio

66
Q

What type of neuron give the black appearance of the substantia nigra?

A

dopamin containing neurons of the mesencephalic reticular formations

67
Q

What synthesize dopamine for the basal ganglia?

A

pars compacta

68
Q

What area is involved in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system?

A

ventral tegmental area

69
Q

What does the ventral segmental area produce dopamine for?

A

reward circuitry of the brain

70
Q

Midline necrosis of the midbrain leads to ?

A

coma (uncal herniation and compression leads to paramedic necrosis)

71
Q

What syndrome–3rd nerve palsy on ipsilateral side and contralateral UMN paralysis? where is the damage to?

A

Weber’s syndrome— lesion involving basal midbrain

72
Q

What syndrome– ipsilateral 3rd nerve palsy, contralateral tremor, contralateral hemianesthesia? what is it caused by?

A

Benedikt’s Syndrome—lesions involving midbrain tegmentum

Neuro Unit 2 (12 decks)

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