9/28 Questions Flashcards
What is failure of synostosis between S1 and S2?
the segments do not completely fuse together
What is squaring of the vertebral body of S1?
the S1 vertebral body has similar anterior and posterior heights, hence a lack of wedging
What is flaring of the sacral ala?
the transverse process of the ala appears to elevate as though separating from the rest of the sacral ala
What is characteristic of sacralization of L5?
L5 may be partially or completely fused to the sacrum
What is the incidence of sacralization of L5 in the population?
41% to 85%
Which segment demonstrates the greatest morphological variation along the spine?
L5
What articular facet changes accompany sacralization of L5?
none
What is the incidence of variation within the sacrococcygeal region in the population?
up to 14%
What is characteristic of sacralization of Co1?
the premature fusion of Co1 to the sacrum
What is characteristic of coccygealization of S5?
the separation of S5 from sacrum and its’ premature fusion to Co1
The trapezius is innervated by what nerve?
the spinal accessory nerve
What forms the spinal accessory nerve innervating the trapezius?
C1-C5 cord levels contribute to the spinal root of the spinal accessory nerve
The latissimus dorsi is innervated by what nerve?
the thoracodorsal nerve
What forms the thoracodorsal nerve innervating the latissimus dorsi?
ventral rami from C6-C8
Which of the muscles of the true back are innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve?
levator scapulae
rhomboid major
rhomboid minor
What forms the dorsal scapular nerve?
the ventral ramus of C5
What is the innervation of the splenius capitis?
dorsal rami of middle cervical spinal nerves (C3-C5 cord levels)
Splenius cervicis will attach to what location on the spine?
lateral mass of C1 and posterior tubercle of transverse process on C1-C4
What is the innervation of the splenius cervicis?
dorsal rami of lower cervical spinal nerves (C5-C7 cord levels)
Which muscles are identified as erector spinae or sacrospinalis muscles?
iliocostalis
longissimus
spinalis
What is the innervation of the iliocostalis lumborum?
dorsal rami of lower thoracic and all lumbar spinal nerves
What is the insertion for the iliocostalis thoracis?
costal angles of the upper 6-7 ribs, transverse process of C7
What is the origin for the iliocostalis cervicis?
costal angles of the upper 3-6 ribs (ribs 1-3 or ribs 1-6)
What is the insertion for the iliocostalis cervicis?
posterior tubercle of transverse process of C(3) C4-C6
What is the innervation of the iliocostalis cervicis?
dorsal rami of T1, T2 spinal nerves, sometimes C8 spinal nerve (C8, T1, T2 cord levels)
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the longissimus thoracis?
accessory process and transverse processes of L1-L5, spinous processes of L3-L5 and median sacral crest S1-S3
What is the innervation of the longissimus thoracis?
dorsal rami of all thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves (cord levels T1-T12, L1-L5)
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an insertion for the longissimus cervicis?
posterior tubercle of transverse processes from C2-C6 or C7, articular processes from C2-C6 or C7
What is the innervation of the longissimus cervicis?
dorsal rami of C4-C8 and T1-T2 spinal nerves (C4-C8 and T1-T2 cord levels)
What is the innervation of the longissimus capitis?
dorsal rami of C1-C3 or C4 spinal nerves, C1-C3 or C4 cord levels)
Which erector spinae muscles attach to cervical articular processes?
longissimus cervicis and longissimus capitis
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the spinalis thoracis?
spinous processes of T11 and T12-L1 and L2
What is the innervation of the spinalis cervicis?
dorsal rami of all cervical spinal nerves (C1-C8 cord levels)
What is the innervation of the spinalis capitis?
dorsal rami of lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal nerves
Which muscles are identified as transversospinalis muscles?
semispinalis, multifidis, and rotators
Transversospinalis muscles represent what layer of the true back?
layer five
Based on the name of this group, what is the origin - insertion of the transversospinalis?
transverse process origin, spinous process insertion
How many vertebrae can be attached to a single segment by transversospinalis muscles?
as many as nine vertebrae
What segment will represent the lowest attachment site for the semispinalis thoracis?
T12
What is the innervation of the semispinalis thoracis?
dorsal rami of T1-T6 spinal nerves (cord levels T1-T6)
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis cervicis?
transverse tubercles of T1-T5 or T6 and articular processes of C4-C7
What is the innervation of the semispinalis cervicis?
dorsal rami of C6-C8 spinal nerves (cord levels C6-C8)
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis capitis?
transverse tubercles of C7, T1-T6 or T7 and articular processes of C4-C6
What is the innervation of the semispinalis capitis?
dorsal rami of C1-C6 spinal nerves (cord levels C1-C6)
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the classic multifidis?
articular process of C4-C7, transverse processes of T1-T12, mammillary processes of L1-L5 and the dorsal surface of S1-S4 or S5
Contraction of the classic multifidis will result in what movements of the vertebral column?
lateral flexion and rotation of the spine, maintains the lumbar lordotic curve and prevents entrapment of zygapophyseal capsular ligament during movement
What is the innervation of the classic multifidis?
dorsal rami of C3-C8, T1-T12, L1-L5, and S1 spinal nerves (cord levels C3-C8, T1-T12, L1-L5, and S1)
Contraction of the multifidis cervicis will result in what movements?
alters the zygapophyseal capsular ligament response to load distribution determines the cervical spine response to injury as evidenced by neck pain and is a significant contributor to postural control of the head and neck
Contraction of multifidis lumborum will result in what movements?
lateral flexion and rotation of the lumbar spine, maintains the lumbar lordotic curve and prevents entrapment of lumbar zygapophyseal capsular ligament during movement
Which muscles of the spine exhibit a reversal of the expected origin - insertion combination?
iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum, longissimus thoracic pars lumborum and multifidis lumborum
