9/12/24

Question 1

how to name ethers

Answer 1

when naming, the larger group is the parent alkane, the smaller group is the alkoxy substituent

Question 2

what type of structure is tetrahydrofuran

Answer 2

it is a cyclic ether

Question 3

why is cyclopropane high in energy

Answer 3

it has ring strain that deviates from 109.5 °

Question 4

why are epoxides reactive? what are they

Answer 4

they are reactive intermediates that have high energy due to their angle strain, but they are made useful with their oxygen gorup

Question 5

what type of boiling points do ethers have

Answer 5

since they cannot form hydrogen bonds they have similar boiling points to hydrocarbons with the molecular weights

Question 6

how does the boiling point relate to the molecular weight of an ether

Answer 6

higher molecular weights correlate to higher boiling points due to more opportunities for London dispersion forces

Question 7

how do alcohols and ethers of the same molecular weight compare in terms of boiling points

Answer 7

alcohols will have higher boiling points due to their ability to form hydrogen bonds

Question 8

what are the strongest intermolecular forces

Answer 8

hydrogen bonding > Dipole dipole> london disperson forces

Question 9

what are intermolecular forces? What do they help describe?

Answer 9

intermolecular forces describe the interactions between molecules and they explain melting and boiling points

Question 10

what are the most important intermolecular forces and their relative strengths

Answer 10

hydrogen bonding> dipole dipole> dispersion forces

Question 11

what atoms can exhibit hydrogen bonding

Answer 11

nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine

Question 12

do ethers exhibit hydrogen bonding? what type of intermolecular forces do they exhibit

Answer 12

they do not exhibit hydrogen bonds, they only interact weakly through dipole dipole IMFs and disperson forces

Question 13

what type of IMFs affect the boiling points of ethers?

Answer 13

they only experience dipole-dipole IMFs and dispersion forces so they interact weakly and. have lower boiling and melting points

Question 14

what types of solvents are alcohols missable in?

Answer 14

They are missable in water due to their polarity

Question 15

what does missable mean

Answer 15

it means that they can be mixed together

Question 16

what does it mean for a solution to be immisable

Answer 16

it means the two compounds do not mix and form a layer, this is common with a polar and nonpolar substance

Question 17

what is petroleum ether

Answer 17

it is a mix of hydrocarbons and it is not an ether, they are also nonpolar

Question 18

what are the key features of an acid catalyzed hydration?

Answer 18

the mechanism proceeds with a strong acid (h30)
- has a carbocation intermediate (may rearrange with a 1,2 hydride or 1,2 methyl shift)
- there is no stereoselectivity
-it proceeds with markovnikov addition
the acid is regenerated as a catalyst

Question 19

what is markovnikov addition

Answer 19

the hydrogen is added to the least substituted side (the side with more hydrogens) and this is driven by carbocation stability

Question 20

what are the key features of oxymercuration demurcuration

Answer 20

The reagents are 1) Hg(OAC)2 and 2) NaBH4

It forms an alcohol through markovnikov addition of an alkene and proceeds through a anti addition so the hydrogen and alcohol are added to opposite sides

there are no rearrangements or carbocation intermediates

Question 21

what are the features of a hydroboration oxidation

Answer 21

the reagents are 1) BH3 * THF 2) H2O2, OH

it proceeds via anti-Markovnikov addition

it is a concerted syn addition

Question 22

what are the three primary drivers of reactions with alcohols

Answer 22

the oxygen in the OH group is nucleophilic and can react with electrophiles

the hydrogen in the OH group is weakly acidic and can react with strong bases

the OH can be converted into a good leaving group which allows for elimination or substitution reactions to occur

Question 23

what are the conditions for a good leaving group, why is OH not a good LG

Answer 23

a good leaving group must be weakly basic and stable in solution, these are typically the conjugate bases to strong acids like (I, Br, Cl)

OH is not a good leaving group because it is not a weak base and is unstable in solution

Question 24

when preforming a reaction with HCl what should we assume

Answer 24

we should assume that we are really reactimg H30 and that the chloride ion is in the solution