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Question 1

what is an activator

Answer 1

it is a group that makes the reaction faster

Question 2

what is a deactivator

Answer 2

it is a group that makes the reaction slower

Question 4

what is an activator

Answer 4

it speeds up the reaction

Question 5

what is a deactivator

Answer 5

it slows down the reaction

Question 6

what is the effect of an electron donating group on an aromatic ring

Answer 6

by donating electron density to the arenium ion, the carbocation is stabilized and the EDG acts as an activator and speeds up the reaction

Question 7

electron withdrawing groups act as

Answer 7

they act as deactivators and they slow down the reaction by pulling away electron density and destabilizing the carbocation from the arenium ion

Question 8

how are activators bonded to the ring

Answer 8

with the atom that has the lone pairs

Question 9

what do ortho para activators have characteristically?

Answer 9

they have lone pairs on the atom bonded to the ring that can donate electron density into the ring

Question 10

where does the nitrogen and oxygen have to be on amides and esters in order for it to be a activator?

Answer 10

they need to be directly bonded to the ring

Question 11

what are the ortho-para activators

Answer 11

ethers, alcohols, amine, amides, esters, alkyls, and phenyl groups

Question 12

what are the ortho para deactivators

Answer 12

they are halogens

Question 13

why are halogens deactivators?

Answer 13

they have a withdrawing affect that deactivates the ring and withdraws electrons but they have lone pairs that can perform resonance

Question 14

what type of action do EWGs perform on rings

Answer 14

they are meta deactivators

Question 15

what is the trend for meta deactivators

Answer 15

the lone pair cannot be donated

the atom bonded to the ring is positive or partially positive

Question 16

what happens when you try to add a substituent on aromatic ring with a meta deactivator?

Answer 16

it creates an arenium ion where the positive charges from the ewg and the arenium ion are near eachother and repel

Question 17

are halogens electron withdrawing or donating

Answer 17

they are both

Question 18

what is the inductive effect of halogens

Answer 18

it is the ability of a group to pull electron density away from the ring, it is an electron withdrawing property and it deactivates the ring

Question 19

what is the resonance effect of halogens

Answer 19

it is the ability of the lone pairs on a halogen to perform resonance and stabilize the positive charge

Question 20

when dealing with the disubstituted rings, which substituent dominates

Answer 20

the electron donating group ortho-para directing affects dominates

Question 21

what if there are two EDG on a ring

Answer 21

the stronger EDG dominates

Question 22

what dominates, resonance affects or induction

Answer 22

resonance

Question 23

what are the disadvantages to friedel crafts alkylations

Answer 23

rearrangements- don’t get expected product

polyalkylations- multiple additions of alkyl groups

Question 24

why are polyalkylations a problem in friedel crafts

Answer 24

by adding an alkyl group, we introduce an activator that wants to react more and will create mixed products

Question 25

if we want to avoid polyalkylations, what should be do

Answer 25

we should do a friedel crafts acylation instead and use the clemmenson reduction to reduce the carbonyl