08/27/24 Flashcards
Review Chem 24
when do we show formal charge
always on all quizzes and exams
if you have an atom with sp hybridization what is the angle and name?
linear and 180
if you have an atom with sp2 hybridization what is the angle and name?
trigonal planar 120
if you have an atom with sp3 hybridization what is the angle and name?
tetrahedral 109.5
for VSEPR theory, if you have 3 electron groups and no lone pairs, what is the geometry?
trigonal planar 120
for VSEPR theory, if you have 3 electron groups and 1 lone pairs, what is the geometry?
bent <120
for VSEPR theory, if you have 4 electron groups and no lone pairs, what is the geometry?
tetrahedral 109.5
for VSEPR theory, if you have 4 electron groups and 1 lone pairs, what is the geometry?
trigonal pyrameidal <109
for VSEPR theory, if you have 4 electron groups and 2 lone pairs, what is the geometry?
Bent <109
if an acid has a high pka what does it mean
it is weaker, harder to deprotonate
what determines if an acid is strong or weak?
a strong acid will have a weak base that is stabilized by ARIO
when considering the stability of a base, what is the effect of the atom?
an atom that is larger (down P table) or more EN (to the right), will be more stable with a negative charge (large trumps EN)
when considering the stability of a base, what is the effect of the resonance?
resonance delocalizes the charge and makes it more stable
when considering the stability of a base, what is the effect of induction?
in the presence of an electronegative atom or electron withdrawing group, a base will be more stable as the polarization of the electronegative atom creates a partial negative and posuitive charge on the carbons that spread the negative charge from the base across the molecule
when considering the stability of a base, what is the effect of the orbital?
an orbital with more s character will be more stable as a base as the negative charge will be held more closely to the nucleus which is positively charged
what are stereoisomers?
molecules with the same formula but differ in 3D arrangement
what are enantiomers
stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other and are non-superimposable
what are diastereomers
they are stereoisomers that are not mirror images of eachother (ex. cis and trans)
what is R and S
R is clockwise, S is counterclockwise
if you have a primary alkyl halide and a strong base, what reaction will occur
SN2 or E2 if hindered base
if you have a primary alkyl halide and a weak base, what reaction will occur
SN2
if you have a primary alkyl halide and a poor nucleophile, what reaction occurs
no reaction
if you have a secondary alkyl halid and a strong base, what reaction will occur
mostly E2
if you have a secondary alkyl halide and a weak base, what reaction will occur
SN2
if you have a secondary alkyl halide and a poor nucleophile, what reaction will occur
E1 + SN1 if a polar protic solvent (stabilizes carbocation)
if you have a tertiary alkyl halide and a strong base, what reaction will occur
E2
if you have a tertiary alkyl halide and a weak base, what reaction will occur
E1 + SN1 if a polar protic solvent (stabilizes carbocation)
if you have a tertiary alkyl halide and a weak nucleophile, what reaction will occur
E1 + SN1 if a polar protic solvent (stabilizes carbocation)
what are polar aprotic solvents and what reactions favor it
aprotic solvents are solvents that do not have a proton bonded to an electronegative atom, SN2 reactions favor this.
These are acetone, DMF (dimethylformamide), and DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide)
in a chair conformation, what is cis and trans
if the substituents both face up it is cis, if one is up and one is down, it is trans
what is more stable, a tertiary carbocation or a secondary
tertiary
which is more stable, an allylic carbocaton or a vinylic?
allylic carbocations are very stable do to resonance, vinylic carbocations are very unstable
