10/22/24 Flashcards
what is the general process of halogenation
we replace a hydrogen with a bromine
what are the two major steps of any EAS reaction
1) formation of a hot electrophile
2) electrophillic substitution
in an aromatic halogenation, what is the lewis acid and base in the first step
the Br2 acs as a lewis base and donates an electron pair to FeBr3 which acts as a lewis acid
what does the lewis acid base reaction form in the first step of EAS
acid base complex
what intermediate forms after the aromatic ring adds the electrophile
the arenium ion
what are the five EAS reactions
halogenation, nitration, sulfonation, friedel crafts alkylation, fridel crafts acylation
what are the reagents for nitration, what kind of bond does it make
H2SO4 and HNO3, it makes carbon nitrogen bonds
what are the reagents for sulfonation
SO3 and H2SO4, it makes carbon sulfur bonds
what are the reagents and bond formations of a friedel crafts alkylation
an alkyl chloride and AlCl3, this forms a C-C bond
what does AlCl3 do in a friedel crafts alkylation
it acts as a lewis acid
what are the reagents for a friedel crafts acylation
an acyl chloride and aluminum catalyst AlCl3
what functions as the acid and base in a nitration? sulfuric acid or nitric acid
sulfuric acid, it has a lower pka so it is a stronger acid. It will donate a proton to the nitric acid to form a good leaving group
what does the protonation of HNO3 do?
it forms a good leaving group so it can then form the nitronium ion which is a very good electrophile
what is the nitronium ion
it is the ion that forms after HNO3 and H2SO4 react, it is the electrophile for nitration
what functions as the electrophile in a friedel crafts alkylation
the carbocation
