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Question 1

Results T1 (4)

Answer 1

1. Dep correlated positively with Anx
2. RUM correlated positively with Dep and Anx
3. Correlation Dep – Anx NS when RUM added
   as mediator

Question 2

Analyses T1-T3

Each Step

Answer 2

Step 1: Corr T1 Dep to T3 An

T1 Dep to T3 An

Step 2: Value of T2 Rum as mediating Var

Control for T1 Rum from T1 Dep to T2 Rum,

Control for T1 symptoms from T2 Rum to T3 An

Step 3: Decrease from T1 Dep to T3 An

Control for T1 Rum from 1 Dep to Change from T1-T2 Rum

Control for T1 symptoms from Change from T1-T2 Rum to T3 An

Question 3

Summary Findings

McLaughlin & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2011

Answer 3

RUM full mediator:
> Concurrent association Dep - Anx
> Longitudinal association Dep - Anx
 Longitudinal model:
T1 Dep predicted increases T1-T2 RUM
-->
RUM predicted increases T1-T3 Anx

Question 4

Explanations RUM

McLaughlin & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2011

Answer 4

1. Rumination decreases positive affect and
   increases negative affect generation
   negative mood
2. Rumination interferes with social
   functioning, reduced interest from others
3. Rumination interferes with effective problem
   solving

Question 5

Empathy, Antisocial and Aggressive Behaviour

Deschamps et al., 2015

Answer 5

Empathy inhibits aggressive and antisocial
behavior (Miller & Eisenberg, 1988)
Central role of display of sadness and distress
in other person (Blair, 1995; Blair et al., 1997)
Prerequisite for prosocial behavior (Eisenberg, Fabes
& Spinrad, 2006)

Question 6

Findings Empathy

Deschamps et al., 2015

Answer 6

C&A with DBD 
no: Affective empathy
yes: Cognitive empathy
 C&A with ADHD
no: Affective empathy
> Cognitive empathy?
 Prosocial behavior negatively correlated with 
aggression and ADHD symptoms

Question 7

Results Empathy – DBD

Deschamps et al., 2015

Answer 7

Affective empathy to sadness
> Teacher report – DBD less empathic than TD
> Parent report – no differences DBD vs TD
> Story task – no differences DBD vs TD
Prosocial behavior
> IRT – DBD less prosocial than TD

Question 8

Results Empathy – ADHD

Deschamps et al., 2015

Answer 8

Affective empathy to sadness
> Teacher report – ADHD less empathic than TD
> Parent report – no differences ADHD vs TD
> Story task – no differences ADHD vs TD
Prosocial behavior
> IRT – no differences ADHD vs TD

Question 9

Conclusions Empathy – DBD

Deschamps et al., 2015

Answer 9

No problems sharing sadness according to
parent…but..
Problems sharing sadness and distress at school
Less likely to respond to sadness expression with
prosocial act
> influence monetary reward?
> less empathy or problem with emotion recognition?
Empathy problems in socially demanding
environment?

Question 10

Conclusions Empathy – ADHD

Deschamps et al., 2015

Answer 10

Lower empathy to sadness according to
teachers not parents
> Social demands of the context important
Dimensions of empathy (affective, prosocial)
are in tact according to other measures

Question 11

Summary

Answer 11

Transdiagnostic = shared across disorders
Rumination: explain co-occurrence of anxiety
and depression; anxiety and aggression
Empathy impairments across externalizing
and neuro-developmental disorders
Other potential EC transdiagnostic factors
> Emotion regulation
> Emotion awareness