8.2

Question 1

Transdiagostic factors refer to

Answer 1

the search for factors associated with the development of multiple types of psychopathology. This is driven by the high rate of comorbidity among mental disorders.

Question 2

Rumination is involved in the etiology and maintenance of

Answer 2

major depression and in the development of anxiety.

Question 3

Rumination has been found to be a

Answer 3

full mediator of the concurrent association between symptoms of depression and anxiety in adolescents and a partial mediator of this association in adults.

Question 4

Transdiagnostic factors linking depression and anxiety include (6)

Answer 4

elements of affect, attention, memory, reasoning, thought and behavior

Question 5

Rumination

Answer 5

is a pattern of responding to distress in which an individual passively and preservative thinks about his/her upsetting symptoms and the cause and consequences of those, while failing to initiate the active problem solving that might alter the cause of distress.

Question 6

Rumination predicts and has what effects?

Answer 6

predicts the later development of depressive symptoms as well as the future onset, umber and duration of major depressive episodes.

The tendency to ruminate has also been associated with symptoms of generalized anxiety.

Experimental induction of rumination in distressed individuals leads to more maladaptive, negative thinking, less effective generation of solutions to problems, uncertainty and immobilization in the implementation of solutions and less willingness to engage in distracting, mood-lifting activities.

Question 7

Identification of transdiagnostical factors has relevance

Answer 7

both for improving theoretical models of disorder etiology and guiding clinical intervention.

Question 8

Rumination may have played a greater mediating role in the co- occurrence of depression and anxiety symptoms in adolescents as compared to adults because

Answer 8

internalizing psychopathology in youths is less differentiated.

Depression and anxiety load onto a unitary underlying dimension in youth but not in adults.

This suggests that the core etiologic factors in the development of depression and anxiety in youth are highly overlapping.

Another explanation for these developmental differences is that rumination may play a greater role in the development of anxiety in adolescents than in adults.

Rumination was more strongly associated with anxiety than with depression.

Question 9

Depressive symptoms predicted increases in

Answer 9

rumination over time and that these increases in rumination, in turn, accounted for the development of anxiety symptoms