2.3

Question 1

Difference Chinese and Dutch children

Answer 1

Chinese children were more likely to react tolerantly to the aggressor than their Dutch peers, whereas Dutch children indicated that they would verbally confront the aggressor more often, trying to reinstate their personal goals. In comparison with Dutch children, the Chinese sample viewed their chosen strategies as more likely to elicit positive reactions from the aggressor and to reduce anger.

• Asian children are more likely to suppress negative emotions than Western children.
• Distancing oneself, however, is more likely among Asians.

Question 2

Compared to Asian cultures, children in Western culture are more likely to be encouraged to

Answer 2

express a broad range of emotions, including anger.

Question 3

Anger expression may be adaptive only

Answer 3

if the anger is perceived as justified and its expression is socially appropriate.

Question 4

Anger expression does not necessarily have to be

Answer 4

aggressive

Question 5

Emotion Socialization

Answer 5

Whentheseemotionsareexperienced
andhowtheyareexpressedislearned. (Deaf worse than control in detecting emotions: verbalpassingonalsoessentialfor
interpretationoffacialemotionexpressions)

Question 6

EmotionalCompetence

Answer 6

 Expressionofemotions
 Understandingcausesemotions
 Awarenesssingleandmultipleemotions
 Dealingwithnegativeemotions(coping)
 Regulatingsocialrelationships
 Empathicunderstanding

Question 7

Babies’smiles,development

Answer 7

1. Neonatessmile,butwhy&when unclear
2. After2m,inreactionpositive
   interactioncaregiver
3. After3malsotounfamiliarpeople
4. Laughterevolves,morecommon6– 12m
5. 12mbabiesstartsmilingatmastering

Question 8

Mothers’responsesshow (emotional socialization)

Answer 8

 morewarmthtochild’ssadness
expressions
 ignoreangerexpressions
/reactnegatively

Question 9

Summary looking task:

-The episodes and reactions

Answer 9

1.Threatepisode:
Strangemancamein
2.Frustrationepisodes:
Toyremoval/toyinlockedbox
Threatsituations:
moreintensefear‐looksatmother
Frustrationsituations:
anger‐looksnochanges
moresad‐looksatmother

Question 10

We regulate emotion expression when:

Answer 10

emotionexperienceandexpression

caninterferewithpersonalgoals

Question 11

Approachesin

crossculturalpsychology

Answer 11

Ethnocentrism:ownculturesuperior
 Absolutism:equal
 Relativism:withineachculture
 Universalism:universal,butculture
affectsdevelopmentanddisplay

Question 12

Anger expression evokes

Answer 12

With good friend: 
remorse, attempts to resolve conflict and 
restoration relationship
With rivaling sibling: 
instrumental repair, less remorse, unstable 
harmony
Within hostile relationship: 
further escalation of hostility

Question 13

Socialcompetence

Answer 13

“Setofskills
thathelpindividualsachieve
personalgoalsinsocialinteractions
whilemaintainingpositive
relationships”
 Expression emotions
 Awareness single and multiple emotions
 Understanding causes emotions
 Dealing with negative emotions (coping)
 Empathic understanding
 Regulating social relationships