1.1

Question 1

Components of emotion (5):

Answer 1

motor expression, psychophysiological symptoms, motivational changes, subjective experiences + their interrelationships.

Question 2

James proposed that

Answer 2

bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact and that our feelings of the same changes as they occur is the emotion.

Question 3

James-Lange theory (3)

Answer 3

because we perceive our bodily changes we feel bad. an emotion is elicited by a person’s awareness of a specific pattern of bodily changes and the consequent interpretation of the event in terms of emotion. The term emotion is used to refer to the feeling state component. This theory disagrees with previous theories in if emotions are the cause of bodily changes and action tendencies or rather their consequence.  Problem: Opentomisinterpretation
Blushingisasignof:
 Roomistoowarm?
 Upcomingflu?
 Embarrassment?

Question 4

appraisal

Answer 4

defined as the evaluation of the significance of an object, event or action to a person

Question 5

Components of emotion therefore are (5)

Answer 5

feeling, physiological change, motor expression, action tendencies and cognitive processing

Question 6

Mood differs from emotion (3)

Answer 6

in that it has a diffuse origin and a longer duration and lower intensity

Question 7

Emotions are quasi-automatic response mechanisms

Answer 7

Emotions decouple stimulus and response i.e. they separate event and reactions by replacing the automatism of instinctive reactions with a preparation for several possible reactions alternatives.

Question 8

Activation & Latency

Answer 8

heightened state of central and autonomous NS. After this we gain a latency time, which permits to choose an optimal reaction from a repertoire of possible behaviors. Thus, the latency time intervenes between elicitation of an emotion and execution of an reactive behavior

Question 9

Role of hot cognition in human info procession

Answer 9

sort relevant from irrelevant, important from less important -!- Many criteria employed in stimulus evaluation are learned during socialization and represented by needs preferences, goals and values.

Question 10

James feelings

Answer 10

our feeling state serves to reflect and intergrate all components of the emotional episode such as evaluation and appraisal, bodily changes, action tendency and expressive signals.

Question 11

Why do we have emotions? (5)

Answer 11

• Evolutionary significance
• Emotion as a social signaling system
• Emotion affords behavioural flexibility
• Information processing
• Regulation and control

Question 12

Philosophical notion for how emotions elicited and differentiated

Answer 12

Decisive factor in emotion elicitation and differentiation is the interaction between the type of situations and significance of the event to the person. -> appraisal of event in terms of the organism’s important needs, goals and values.

Question 13

Schachter-Singer Theory of emotions (4)

Answer 13

the perception of non-specific arousal is sufficient to elicit emotion=feeling. Two factors that are necessary: 1) perception of the heightened sympathetic arousal 2) cognitions concerning the interpretation of the situation in the light of one’s past experiences. Role of using info from the social environment to guide judgement and choice in situations of uncertainty, so our emotional experiences are also subject to social influences and might even be open to manipulation.

Question 14

Appraisal Theory

Answer 14

-The significance of an emotion-eliciting event to the experiencing person is established through a process of evaluation and appraisal of the event based on a set of criteria specific to the person.

Question 15

Secondary appraisal

Answer 15

- Previousexperiences
 Ownabilities
 Whichstrategy
 Differentresponsespossible
 Determineswhichemotion

Question 16

Primary appraisal

Answer 16

-Definesgood/notgood
 Quasiautomatic
 Focusonevent
 Physiologicalarousal
 Latencytime

Question 17

Reappraisal

Answer 17

-of a situation often changes or corrects the first impression an thereby changes the resulting emotion

Question 18

Emotion blends

Answer 18

complex appraisal of a given situation by a person is likely to give rise to a mixture of several emotions rather than only one specific emotion. (->Figure 6.3)

Question 19

shame and guilt in different cultures

Answer 19

. in individualistic cultures there was little difference between shame and guilt; in collectivist cultures guilt experiences were provoked more frequently by events that were judged to be more immoral than those that produced shame.

Question 20

Discrete emotions

Answer 20

a theory stating that there is a limited number of highly differentiated basic and universal emotions. It suggests that innate neural motor programs are executed when an emotion is induced by appropriate stimulation.
-supported by: universal facial expressions
above chance recognition of vocal expression

Question 21

display rules (e.g. 4 forms)

Answer 21

Emotion expression is subject to cultural control and many cultures sanction explicitly or implicitly what expressions can be legitimately shown under particular circumstances
-describe different forms of suppression, de-intensifying, masking or replacing a spontaneous expression

Question 22

feeling rules

Answer 22

There are positive feeling rules requiring an intensification of appropriate feelings in the service of social interests (e.g. stewardess creating positive social affect routines towards passengers). These rules require not only simulating a particular emotion but also actually feeling it.

Question 23

Emotional expression is multifaceted –

Answer 23

the expression is determined both by a person’s reaction to an event and by the attempt to manipulate this expression for strategic reasons in a social interaction.

Question 24

A primary function of physiological changes is

Answer 24

the provision if energy and the preparation for action

Question 25

dimensional theory of emotion!

Wundt proposed a tridimensional system to characterize the specific nature of complex emotional feeling states

Answer 25

by adding excitement vs. depression and tension vs. relaxation to the classic pleasantness vs. unpleasantness dichotomy.

Question 26

social constructivism

Answer 26

presumes that emotions have no reality other than that which is culturally created, or socially constructed. Cultural context, values concerned by the event and the role of the individual in the situation differently affect the particular feeling state likely to result

Question 27

Catharsis

Answer 27

via the process of empathy – to drain or cleanse their negative affect and thus achieve a serene state. The mechanism of catharsis involves the interaction of three components of emotion _ expression, physiology and feeling By amplifying expression one is supposedly able to soothe the organism, reduce arousal and the same time change or de-amplify the subjective feeling state.

Question 28

Proprioceptive feedback

Answer 28

the opposite mechanism than catharsis. Increase physiological activity or strong expressive behavior is expected to amplify the subjective feeling state. amplification or inhibition of facial expression of emotion will modify the intensity and possibly the nature of subjective feeling.

Question 29

There are different ways in which emotions can be regulated

Answer 29

avoid an emotional response even before it has a chance to develop, by trying actively to control the appraisal of a potentially emotion inducing event. Alternatively, if the emotion has already been produced we can try to suppress a particular response, such as facial expression. Also one could attempt to regulate an emotion to avoid being carried away by a powerful emotional response or because one believes that a negative emotional experience can be shortened by regulation. These two types of regulation partly depend on the context and the relative difficulty of exerting control. When an event has powerful consequences for us it may be unrealistic to engage in reappraisal.

Question 30

Deaf children problems emotions

Answer 30

 Consequences:
 fewercommunicationmeans
 littlecommunicationtime
 Problemsinsocial‐ emotional
development

Question 31

Angerorsadness?

Answer 31

 Sadness
 focusonconsequence
 Evaluation:reinstatementdesired
situationisimpossible
 Anger
 focusoncause
 Evaluation:reinstatementdesired
situationispossible

Question 32

Interpersonalfunctionof

1. Fear
2. Anger
3. Love
4. Jealousy
5. Shame
6. Pride

Answer 32

1. Fear:avoidingharm
2. Anger:stopanotherfromharmingyou
3. Love:strengthensrelationshipwithother
4. Jealousy:protecting“mine”
5. Shame:failedtoliveuptoego‐idealin
   contextofsocialnormsandvalues
6. Pride:reinforcesbehaviorvaluedpositively
   withinsocialcontext