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Anatomy Section 4 > 8b – Anatomy of the Eye II > Flashcards

8b – Anatomy of the Eye II Flashcards

1
Q

Ocular muscles: recti muscles

A

-dorsal, ventral, lateral, medial
-angle eye in RESPECTIVE direction
-originate from APEX of orbital cone (around optic canal)
-tendon inserted anterior to vertical EQUATOR)

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2
Q

Ocular muscles: oblique muscles

A

-dorsal and ventral
-rotate eye to CORRECT direction due to recti muscles
*tendon inserted near vertical equator

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3
Q

Dorsal oblique muscle originates from:

A

-apex of orbital cone
-deflects around TROCHLEA (acts like a pulley)

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4
Q

Retractor bulbi muscle:

A

-pull eye back into orbit
-tendon inserted POSTERIOR to vertical equator
-absent in humans

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5
Q

Retractor bulbi muscle in ox:

A

-form a COMPLETE circle around optic nerve

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6
Q

Retractor bulbi muscle in dog:

A

-multiple single muscles

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7
Q

Eyelids (palpebrae) consist of:

A

-skin
-musculofibrous layer
-mucous membrane (palpebral conjunctiva)

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8
Q

Skin of palpebrae:

A

-thin
-delicate
-TACTILE hair (cilia, eyelashes)

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9
Q

Cilia in dogs and cats:

A

-dogs: only present in upper lid
-cats: neither upper or lower lids

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10
Q

Upper palpebrae:

A

-more extensive and mobile
>medial and later angles meet at palpebral FISSURE

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11
Q

Roots of cilia associated with:

A

-small ciliary and sebaceous glands
*INFLAMMATION of gland=stye

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12
Q

Musculofibrous layer formed by:

A

-orbicularis oculi
-orbital SEPTUM
-aponeurosis of levator muscle

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13
Q

Orbicularis oculi:

A

-lies directly under skin
-closes eyelids

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14
Q

Tarsus: palpebrae

A

-plate-like fibrous continuation of orbital septum
-STABILIZES edge of lid

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15
Q

What lines the edges of palpebrae?

A

-a row of 20-40 small holes
>open a series of tarsal glands that secrete fatty material

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16
Q

Lacrimal puncta:

A

-open near medial angle
-part of lacrimal system

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17
Q

Part Two

Third eyelid:

A

-nictitating membrane
-conjunctival FOLD between lacrimal caruncle and eyeball
-invisible when eye is closed

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18
Q

Nictitating membrane is covered:

A

-with conjunctiva on BOTH SIDES

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19
Q

Nictitating membrane is supported by:

A

-a T-shaped CARTILAGE
>bar lies in free edge of the fold
>stem points backwards into orbit medial to eyeball

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20
Q

Third eyelid is kept retracted by:

A

-smooth muscle (orbitalis)

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21
Q

Third eyelid is innervated by:

A

-sympathetic fibers

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22
Q

Position of third membrane:

A

-slides passively over eyeball when eyeball is retracted OR
-pushed into orbit
>cats can draw 3rd eyelids
>remain drawn in certain neurological disorders

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23
Q

Third eyelid is seen in:

A

-most domestic and wild animals
>even some primates (gorillas)
>not in HUMANS (semilunar fold is its remnant)

24
Q

Role of third eyelid:

A

-provide added protection to the protruding eyes of animals

25
Q

Third eyelids bulbar surface:

A

-subepithelial lymph nodules can be seen
>may become inflamed

26
Q

Palpebral conjunctiva:

A

-thin, transparent mucous membrane forming posterior lid

27
Q

Bulbar conjunctiva:

A

-continuation of the palpebral conjunctiva reflected at base of libs
>continues on sclera

28
Q

Conjunctival sac:

A

-potential space between lids and eyeball
-fornices

29
Q

Fornices:

A

-dorsal and ventral extremities of conjunctival sac

30
Q

Pale conjunctiva suggests:

A

-anemia
-shock
-internal hemorrhage

31
Q

Lacrimal apparatus consists of:

A

-lacrimal fluid
-lacrimal gland PROPER
-accessory lacrimal gland of 3rd eyelid
-(deep 3rd eyelid lacrimal gland in pigs and ox)

32
Q

Lacrimal fluid:

A

-TEAR
-keeps conjunctiva clean and moist
-supplies nutrients to the cornea

33
Q

Lacrimal gland proper:

A

-between eyeball and dorsolateral wall of orbit
-duct open in dorsal fornix

34
Q

Lacrimal fluid is repelled by:

A

-fatty secretion of tarsal glands

35
Q

Lacrimal lake:

A

-where fluid pools at medial angle
-shallow depression around lacrimal CARUNCLE
*fluid then drawn by capillary action via lacrimal puncta into lacrimal canaliculi and down into lacrimal sac then into duct system

36
Q

Nasolacrimal duct:

A

-opens in nasal cavity/nostrils

37
Q

Blood supply of orbit: humans

A

-mostly thru internal ophthalmic artery with optic nerve

38
Q

Blood supply of orbit in domestic animals:

A

-MOSTLY thru external ophthalmic artery
>branch of maxillary artery

39
Q

3 subdivision of external ophthalmic artery:

A
  1. Supplying eyeball, penetrate SCLERA to reach uvea and retina
  2. Supplying OCULAR muscles
  3. Leave orbit to supply adjacent structures
40
Q

Arteries for uvea and retina:

A

-short posterior ciliary arteries
-long posterior ciliary arteries
-anterior ciliary arteries
-greater arterial circle of iris

41
Q

Short posterior ciliary arteries:

A

-mainly to retina

42
Q

Anterior ciliary arteries:

A

-anterior parts

43
Q

Greater arterial circle of iris:

A

-anastomoses of all above to pupil and ciliary body, conjunctiva
-also nourish cornea by diffusion

44
Q

Leave orbit to supply adjacent structures:

A

-lacrimal artery
-supraorbital artery (only in large animals: to upper eyelid)
-malar artery to eyelids
-external ethmoidal artery to ETHMOIDAL conchae

45
Q

Nerve supply of the orbit:

A

-6 of 12 CRANIAL nerves wholly or partly supply the obit
>optic (II)
>oculomotor (III)
>trochlear (IV)
>abducens (VI)
>ophthalmic (V1)
>zygomatic n. (branch of V2)
>auriculopalpebral (VII)

46
Q

Optic (II):

A

-sense of VISION

47
Q

Oculomotor (III):

A

-somatic to most ocular muscles
>dorsal, medial and ventral recti
>ventral oblique
>levator palpebral superioris
>part of retractor bulbi

48
Q

Trochlear (IV):

A

-DORSAL oblique

49
Q

Abducens (VI):

A

-lateral retus
-retractor bulbi

50
Q

Ophthalmic (V1) divides in orbit into 3 branches:

A

-lacrimal n
-FRONTAL n
-nasociliary n

51
Q

Lacrimal nerve:

A

-to lacrimal gland
-skin above the lateral angle of eye

52
Q

Frontal nerve:

A

-much of upper eyelid
-forehead
-frontal sinus

53
Q

Nasociliary nerve:

A

-structures at medial angle
-frontal sinus
-horn in small ruminants
-long ciliary to posterior part of eyeball
>including cornea
-ethmoidal

54
Q

Zygomatic n (branch of V2):

A

-lower eyelid and adjacent skin
*main nerve of horn in ox

55
Q

Auriculopalpebral (VII):

A

-later becomes palpebral
-supply muscles of eyelids (EXCLUDING the levator palpebrae superioris)

56
Q

Autonomic sympathetic innervation:

A

-dilates pupil

57
Q

Autonomic parasympathetic innervation:

A

-constricts pupil
-accommodates lens for near focus

Anatomy Section 4 (10 decks)

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