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Anatomy Section 4 > 7 – Ear and Guttural Pouches > Flashcards

7 – Ear and Guttural Pouches Flashcards

1
Q

Ear is a:

A

-vestibulocochlear organ
*both hearing and BALANCE

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2
Q

Middle and inner ear within:

A

-temporal bone

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3
Q

2 parts of external ear:

A

-auricles (pinna)
-cutaneous MARGINAL pouch (Henry’s pocket)

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4
Q

Auricles:

A

-visible part of ear
-in domestic animals, each can INDEPENDENTLY turn toward sound by auricular muscles

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5
Q

Auricular muscles:

A

-directly or indirectly (through SCUTIFORM cartilage) pull ear
-innervated by facial nerve (VII)

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6
Q

Cutaneous marginal pouch:

A

-in cat and some dog
-should be checked for parasites

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7
Q

Auricular cartilage:

A

-supports and shapes auricle
-PERFORATED to allow vessels across
-funnel-shaped (rolled up to channel sound)

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8
Q

Parts of auricular cartilage:

A

-tragus and antitragus cartilages
-intertragic and pretragic notches (incisures)

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9
Q

External acoustic meatus (EAM):

A

-ear canal
-passageway connecting pinna to ear drum
*7cm long in dog

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10
Q

EAM begins where:

A

-rolled up part of auricular cartilage narrows

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11
Q

EAM ends at:

A

-tympanic membrane (ear drum)

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12
Q

Dog and cat canal angles:

A

-like a hockey stick
>sharply turns ROSTRO-MEDIALLY

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13
Q

Otoscope in dog and cats:

A

-hard to do
-must straighten canal by pulling ear first caudally then ventrally

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14
Q

EAM lined by:

A

-skin with holocrine (sebaceous) and apocrine (ceruminous-earwax) glands

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15
Q

EAM parts:

A

-cartilaginous
-osseous

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16
Q

Cartilaginous part of EAM:

A

-rolled up part of auricular cartilage
-ANNULAR cartilage

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17
Q

Osseous part of EAM:

A

-PETROUS temporal bone

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18
Q

Middle ear: tympanic membrane

A

-separates external ear from CAVITY of middle ear
-stretched across lumen of body ear canal

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19
Q

Tympanic membrane SA:

A

*10x15mm
-SLANTED
>dorsal part more lateral than ventral part
*SA is larger than diameter of ear canal

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20
Q

Layers of tympanic membrane:

A

-outer surface continuous with EPIDERMIS of canal
-middle fibrous layer
-medial surface continuous with mucosa of tympanic cavity

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21
Q

Handle of malleolus is EMBEDDED:

A

-in medial surface of eardrum
-shines through

22
Q

What pulls eardrum medially?

A

-tension by ossicles

23
Q

Chorda tympani nerve:

A

-crosses MEDIAL side of eardrum

24
Q

Tympanic cavity:

A

-small air-filled space in temporal bone
-lined by MUCOSA
-divided into dorsal, medial and ventral parts

25
Q

Dorsal tympanic cavity:

A

-3 auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
-2 muscles (stapedius, tensor tympani)

26
Q

Middle tympanic cavity:

A

-eardrum laterally
-opens rostrally to NASOPHARYNX by auditory tube

27
Q

Ventral tympanic cavity:

A

-enlarged bulbous part of TEMPORAL bone: tympanic bulla

28
Q

Tympanic bulla:

A

-varies in different species
-some: divided into bony cells
-may help with very low or very high frequencies

29
Q

What is exposed in the tympanic cavity?

A

-part of facial nerve (VII) and its branch, chorda tympani
*VII can be affected by severe otitis media

30
Q

Chorda tympani:

A

-branch off facial nerve
*taste from ROSTRAL 2/3rd of tongue

31
Q

Auditory tube:

A

-Eustachian tube
-passageway connecting tympanic cavity to nasopharynx
-narrow lumen
-inverted TROUGH-shaped cartilage support
-small muscle bundles DILATE opening

32
Q

Pharyngeal openings of auditory tubes:

A

-have lymphoid tissue (tubal tonsils)

33
Q

Cartilage of auditory tube:

A

-extends to stiffen pharyngeal opening
>in dog: opening are 0.5cm and on top of small pimple-like elevations

34
Q

Horse auditory tube:

A

*opens are 3cm

35
Q

Auditory tube function:

A

-allow equalization of pressures on 2 sides of ear drums
-momentarily open during swallowing or yawning

36
Q

Guttural pouch:

A

-unique to horse
-pair of diverticular of auditory tubes
-thin-wall sacs, (each 300-500mL air)
-L and R do NOT communicate
*floor molded over STYLOHYOID to incompletely divide into medial and lateral compartments

37
Q

Guttural pouch formed by:

A

-EXPANSION of tube’s mucosa thru a ventral slit between sides of cartilages

38
Q

Dorsally guttural pouch:

A

-between base of skull and ATLAS

39
Q

Ventrally guttural pouch:

A

-pharynx and retropharyngeal lymph nodes

40
Q

Laterally guttural pouch:

A

-PTERYGOID muscles
-parotid and mandibular salivary glands

41
Q

Medially guttural pouch:

A

-lower parts of R and L meet: forming a thin median septum
-upper parts separated by muscles
>rectus capitis ventails and longus capitis

42
Q

Medial compartment of guttural pouch:

A

-internal carotid
-cranial nerves: glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), accessory (XI) and hypoglossal (XII)
-sympathetic trunk and cranial cervical ganglion

43
Q

Lateral compartment of guttural pouch:

A

-external carotid artery and branches (maxillary and superficial temporal arteries)
-brief contact with facial nerve (VII)

44
Q

Function of guttural pouch:

A

-extensive contact between INTERNAL carotid artery and very thin pouch wall COOLS major blood supply to brain
*causes a 2degree C drop in blood during intense exercise

45
Q

Guttural pouch endoscopic view through:

A

-ventral meatus into FLAP and into GP to examine, drain or levage

46
Q

GP clinical implication in foal:

A

-if flap has excess mucosal folds, it may act as a 1 way valve
>only let air in, so GP becomes visibly extended
>*GP TYMPANY

47
Q

Grazing and GP:

A

-allows normal GP draining

48
Q

If GP is blocked:

A

-fluid accumulates and infection can follow or spread from middle ear or lymph nodes

49
Q

Erosive GP infection (mycosis) can cause:

A

-ruptured carotid artery (EPISTAXIS, usually fatal)
-damaged pharyngeal branches of IX or X (dysphagia)
-damaged laryngeal branches of X (‘roaring)
-damaged sympathetic trunk (Horner’s syndrome)

50
Q

Horner’s syndrome:

A

-nasal congestion
-drooping of upper eyelid
-protrusion of 3rd eyelid
-pupil constriction
-sweating
-hot skin over affected side

51
Q

Access GP by endoscopy or by open SURGERY thru Viborg’s triangle:

A

-caudal border of mandible
-tendon of sternocephalicus
-linguofacial vein

Anatomy Section 4 (10 decks)

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