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Anatomy Section 4 > 1 - Development of the Head, Mouth, and Pharynx > Flashcards

1 - Development of the Head, Mouth, and Pharynx Flashcards

1
Q

Development of head involves:

A

-connective tissue and skeletal muscle structures that are of neural crest origin

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2
Q

Head region of embryo is associated with developing:

A

-nervous system
-digestive system
-respiratory system

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3
Q

Key distinguishing feature of head development is:

A

-formation of pharyngeal arches

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4
Q

Pharyngeal arches:

A

-begin developing around 3rd week of gestation in domestic animals
*neural crest-derived cells migrate into head and neck regions=begin to AGGREGATE
-6 pairs (5th and 6th are rudimentary)

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5
Q

First pharyngeal arch:

A

-divided into maxillary and mandibular process
-immediately caudal to oro-pharyngeal membrane that now seals off the foregut

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6
Q

Development of the face:

A

-involves formation, fusion, patterning of facial primordia that surround stomodeal depression

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7
Q

Primordia form from:

A

-proliferation of neural crest-derived mesenchyme

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8
Q

Development of face involves:

A

-single fronto-nasal prominence
-paired nasomedial and nasolateral processes
-paired maxillary and paired mandibular prominences

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9
Q

Fronto-nasal prominence:

A

-form 2 pairs of ectodermal thickenings
>nasal and lens placodes

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10
Q

Lens placodes:

A

-form before nasal placodes
-positioned laterally

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11
Q

Maxillary prominences:

A

-grow in size and extend medially to fuse with nasomedial processes
>*results in formation of maxillary process, primary palate, tissue of upper lip

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12
Q

Maxillary process is the future:

A

-maxilla

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13
Q

Upper lip:

A

-influenced by form and amount of fusion of the prominences

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14
Q

Mandibular prominences:

A

-fuse forming the lower jaw

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15
Q

Cleft lip: clinical relevance

A

-when fusion of nasiomedial processes and maxillary prominences does not occur properly
>philtrum is not formed
-congenital malformation
-rare in domestic animals

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16
Q

Nasal-lacrimal groove:

A

-early stages of development
-separates maxillary from nasal prominences

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17
Q

Nasolacrimal duct:

A

-when the nasal-lacrimal groove extends towards developing eye
>floor of ectodermal groove will lose contact with surface

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18
Q

Nasal pits:

A

-deepen and form sacs
-initially L and R nasal sacs are separated by a septum

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19
Q

Nasal sacs:

A

-separated from oral cavity by oro-nasal membrane which forms the primary palate

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20
Q

Maxillary process:

A

-common nasal cavity forms at caudal end of nasal sacs
-caudal plate atrophies
*leaves the maxillary process

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21
Q

Choana:

A

-opening
>direct communication between caudal portion of nasal cavity and oral cavity

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22
Q

Palatine processes:

A

-begin to grow from lateral walls of nasal cavity

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23
Q

Developing tongue:

A

-can initially fill the oral cavity and push into nasal cavity

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24
Q

Secondary palate:

A

-with growth of oral cavity there will be expansion of the palatine processes and fusion at midline
*partition

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25
Where palate is fusing with maxillary process:
-small spaces in the palate remain >incisive foramina
26
Incisive foramina:
-lead to incisive ducts -allow small amounts of fluid from oral cavity to paired vomeronasal organ and to olfactory epithelium of nasal cavity
27
Conchae:
-projections of laminae that arise from lateral walls of nasal cavity -made of mesoderm core and covered by ectodermal lining >then became ossified
28
Turbinate bones:
-bony projections resemble scrolls
29
Meatus:
-divides the nasal cavity into 3 passages
30
What determines the communication between pharynx and nasal cavities?
-amount of fusion between nasal septum and secondary palate
31
Horses nasal septum:
-fuses with secondary palate along entire length >each nasal cavity communicates separately with pharynx
32
Other domestic species septum:
*fusion is not so extensive *nasal cavities have a common opening into nasopharynx
33
Secondary palate becomes:
1. Hard Palate 2. Soft Palate
34
Hard palate:
-first 2/3 of the secondary palate that becomes ossified
35
Soft palate:
-portion of palate that projects into pharynx -remains membranous -divides pharynx into oral and nasal parts
36
Cleft palate types: clinical relevance
-primary -secondary
37
Primary cleft palate:
-due to incomplete fusion of nasomedial processes with maxillary prominences
38
Secondary cleft palate:
-due to incomplete fusion of lateral palatine processes -leaves opening between oral and nasal cavities
39
Pharyngeal grooves/clefts:
-invaginations of ectoderm that form between adjacent arches
40
Pharyngeal pouches produced from:
-endoderm of expanding foregut evaginating between the arches
41
Pharyngeal membranes:
-contact of cleft and pouches
42
What is associated with each arch?
-aortic arch artery -muscle component -branch of cranial nerve
43
Second or hyoid arch:
-reichert’s cartilage >gives rise to Stapes and bones of hyoid apparatus
44
Third arch:
-other bones of hyoid apparatus, stylopharyngeus muscles (dilates pharynx)
45
Fourth-six arches:
-laryngeal cartilages
46
Endodermal epithelium of pouches:
*differentiates into components of lymphatic and endocrine system
47
2nd pouch in late fetal period:
-contains aggregate of tissue >palatine tonsil
48
Parathyroid glands develop from:
-dorsal parts of 3rd and 4th pouches *PTH: increases blood calcium levels
49
Thyroid develops:
-as ventral midline endodermal diverticulum (downgrowth) of endodermal floor of pharynx -becomes bilobar and moves caudally to be ventral to developing trachea *isthmus
50
Isthmus:
-connects the thyroid -not constant in all species
51
Pigs/primates isthmus:
-large and forms medial lobe
52
Cattle isthmus:
-smaller band between lobes
53
Horses isthmus:
-poorly defined
54
small ruminants isthmus:
-band of connective tissue
55
Cats/dogs isthmus:
-absent
56
With caudal migration of thyroid:
-parathyroid IV glands becomes embedded into thyroid gland -parathyroid III glands caudal to thyroid
57
Thymus:
-from ventral parts of L and R 3rd pouches (4th in some species) *initially 2 tubular structures, but become solid masses -thymic hormones for T-lymphocytes
58
Thymus with extension caudally:
-eventually fuse in midline and become associated with pericardium
59
First pouch:
*auditory (eustachian) tubes of ear and tympanic cavities
60
Guttural pouches in horses:
-from a diverticula of auditory tubes -mucus secreting sacs that communicate with pharynx >controls blood pressure in internal carotids? >cerebral blood cooling system?
61
First cleft:
-ectoderm of cleft gives rise to epithelial lining of external auditory meatus
62
Cervical sinus in mammals:
-second arch extends caudally over 2nd and 3rd clefts >*forms a transient structure lined by ectoderm
63
Arch 1 (mandibular): bone derivatives
-mandible -maxilla -auricle of ear -malleus -incus
64
Arch 1: pouch derivatives
-auditory tube -guttural pouch
65
Arch 1: cleft derivatives
-external auditory meatus
66
Arch 2 (hyoid): bone derivatives
-auricle of ear -stapes
67
Arch 2: pouch derivatives
-palatine tonsils
68
Arch 3: pouch derivatives
-parathyroids III -stroma of thymus
69
Arch IV-VI: pouch derivatives
-parathyroids IV -stroma of thymus
70
Tongue develops:
-on floor of oral cavity from portion of 1st pharyngeal arch
71
3 elevations (tongue) at region of 1st arch:
-due to underlying mesoderm growth >2 lateral lingual swellings >1 tuberculum impar
72
Tongue 2nd pharyngeal arch:
-copula develops
73
Tongue 3rd and 4th arches:
-hypopharyngeal eminence forms *become the root of the tongue

Anatomy Section 4 (10 decks)

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