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Anatomy Section 4 > 8 – Anatomy of the Eye > Flashcards

8 – Anatomy of the Eye Flashcards

1
Q

Eyes:

A

-where you first look
-required for survival in most species
-different in size, shape and colour between species and individuals
-similar anatomy and function
-use human anatomy DIRECTIONAL terms

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2
Q

Position of eyes: predatory species

A

-set forward
-overlapping fields of R and L view
-large field of binocular vision
-allows concentration on NEAR objects=better for depth perception for hunting

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3
Q

Position of eyes: prey species

A

-more laterally
-not much overlap between L and R field views
-have a WIDE field of view
>allows awareness of surrounding, but cost of losing binocular vision

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4
Q

Eye:

A

-globe
-bulbus oculi

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5
Q

Adnexa:

A

-structures that PROTECT and move the eyeball
>fascia
>muscles
>eyelids
>conjunctiva
>lacrimal apparatus

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6
Q

Orbit:

A

-cavity containing the EYEBALL and most of adnexa

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7
Q

Orbital CONE:

A

-adnexal structures continue in a conical shape

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8
Q

Periorbita:

A

-most external layer of orbital fascia
*connective tissue lining the orbit

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9
Q

Dog/cat and pig: bone of the orbit

A

orbit rim not fully bony
>gap completed by orbital ligament

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10
Q

Horse and ox: bone of the orbit

A

-orbital rim fully bony

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11
Q

Higher primates: bone of the orbit

A

-bones completely surround the structures posterior to the eye

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12
Q

Layers (tunics or coats) of the eyeball:

A

-made up 3 closely attached layers
>*forming a laminated sheet

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13
Q

Names of layers of the eyeball:

A
  1. Fibrous tunic
  2. Vascular tunic (uvea)
  3. Nervous tunic (retina)
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14
Q

Fibrous tunic:

A

-external layer
-made of dense collagenous tissue
-gives form to and protects the eyeball
-only COMPLETE tunic

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15
Q

Fibrous tunic includes:

A

-sclera
-cornea

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16
Q

Sclera:

A

-OPAQUE posterior part of the fibrous tunic
-generally white (‘white of the eye), with a bluish tinge
>some species grayish due to pigments

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17
Q

Cornea:

A

-rostral ¼ of fibrous tunic
-bulges out
-avascular
>fed by diffusion
-interstitial fluid constantly pumped out to help transparency

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18
Q

Cornea made of:

A

-special DENSE connective tissue arranged in lamellar form
-lots of nerve endings

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19
Q

Nerve endings of cornea:

A

-make it sensitive to touch
Ex. corneal reflex checked under anesthesia

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20
Q

Corneoscleral junction (limbus):

A

-where the sclera and cornea come together

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21
Q

Vascular tunic (uvea):

A

-middle layer
-consists largely of blood vessels and SMOOTH MUSCLE

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22
Q

Role of vascular tunic:

A

-nourish
-regulate lens shape and size of pupil

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23
Q

Vascular tunic includes:

A

-choroid
-ciliary body
-iris

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24
Q

Choroid is:

A

-dense network of blood vessels within a heavily PIGMENTED connective tissue

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25
Role of choroid:
-nourish the retina -responsible for the ‘red eye’ in our pictures >seeing th blood vessels
26
Ciliary body:
-suspends lens -regulates curvature of lens -production of aqueous humor
27
Iris:
-SUSPENDED between cornea and lens -only internal structure seen through cornea without instruments -FLAT RING attached at periphery to sclera *adjusts size of pupil=controls amount of light coming in
28
Iris shape:
may change among species/individuals
29
Iris colour:
-determines ‘colour of the eye’ -most melanin=dark brown -albino eyes have no melanin=appear red -other colours are in between
30
Iris muscles types:
-sphincter -dilators
31
Sphincter muscles of iris:
-near internal margin
32
Dilator muscles of iris:
-arranged radially
33
Pupil:
-opening in iris CENTER -appears black because fundus is dark
34
Cat pupil:
-slit when constricted -round when opens
35
Pupil in dog:
-round
36
Pupil in ox and horses:
-oval
37
Iridic granules:
-corpora nigra -irregular outgrowth of posterior iris epithelium, containing COILS of capillaries -usually seen on upper pupil margin in UNGULATES -may provide ‘shades’
38
Ciliary body components:
-zonular fibers -ciliary processes -ciliary muscle
39
Zonular fibers:
-attach to the EQUATOR of the lens to suspend it
40
Ciliary processes:
radial ridges -anchor for ZONULAR fibers
41
Ciliary muscles:
-attach ciliary processes to sclera -smooth muscle -used for ACCOMMODATION to focus on near/far objects
42
Tapetum lucidum causes:
-‘eye shine’ in animals at night >different from red-eye in humans
43
What is the tapetum lucidum?
-variously coloured, light-reflected area in the dorsal fundus of the choroid
44
Role of tapetum lucidum:
-reflects and thus AMPLIFIES the low light at dark -nocturnal adaptation to aid vision in dark >humans and pigs don’t have it
45
Carnivores tapetum lucidum:
-CRYSTAL rods within tapetal cells are arranged so the light is split >acting ad microscopic prisms
46
Herbivores tapetum lucidum:
-same results -uses BRICKLIKE arrangement of collagen fibers
47
Nervous tunica (retina):
-most internal layer -lines the choroid all the way to the margin of pupil -responsible for vision
48
Nervous tunica (retina) role:
-most directly involved with vision >converts visual signal to nerve impulses
49
Nervous tunica is:
-an extension of the BRAIN and connected to it by optic nerve
50
Optic nerve is covered by:
-meninges
51
Nervous tunica (retina) made of:
-largely made of NERVES -2 layers from embryonic optic cup >appose but not firmly attached
52
2 layers from embryonic optic cup names:
1. Outer pigmented retina 2. Inner neuroepithelial retina
53
Outer pigmented retina:
-firmly attached to choroid -lacks pigment over tapetum lucidum
54
Inner neuroepithelial retina:
-photoreceptors (rods and cones) in CAUDAL 2/3rd of fundus -phototransduction
55
2 layers appose but not firmly attached:
-inner layer kept in place by VITREOUS humor -retinal detachment occurs and can be fused back using laser
56
All mammals possess:
-cones
57
Nocturnal species: cones
-few cones
58
Trichromatic vision:
-only old world higher primates -red, green, blue
59
Dichromatic vision:
-most mammals -only have 2 cone pigments with different spectra -red/green colour blind (can see blue/yellow)
60
Rodents vision:
-can see ultraviolet
61
Our world is less colourful then:
-birds -fish -insects
62
Ocular media kinds:
-aqueous humor -vitreous humor
63
Aqueous humor:
-clear fluid >electrolytes, glucose, AA and ascorbic acid
64
Role of aqueous humor:
-nourish and waste removal for cornea and LENS -maintain intraocular pressure -transmit and refract (BEND) light
65
Portions of aqueous humor:
-anterior chamber: between cornea and iris -posterior chamber: between iris and lens
66
Aqueous humor produced by:
-epithelial cells of ciliary body
67
Aqueous humor absorbed in:
-filtration (iridocorneal) angle bye venous plexus at PECTINATE LIGAMENTS
68
Vitreous humor:
-forms 2/3rd of eyeball volume -gel-like (98% water, 2% collagen and hyaluronic acid) -encapsulated in vitreous body *CONSTANT: not normally produce/absorbed
69
Role of vitreous humor:
-maintain shape of eye -maintain position of RETINA -transmit and refract (bend) light
70
Lens shape:
-biconvex -nucleus surrounded by ELASTIC fiber layers
71
Lens enclosed in a:
-CAPSULE
72
Lens suspended by:
-zonular fibers
73
Lens properties:
-avascular (fed by diffusion) -dehydrated (60-75% water) >to help with CLARITY
74
Lens function:
-transmit and refract (bend) light
75
Lens involved in:
-accommodation
76
Lens at rest:
-stretched out to focus on far objects (always want to be ready for danger signals)
77
Parasympathetic on lens:
-causes ciliary muscles to contract (collectively act as a large SPINCTER) *relieves tension on ZONULAR FIBERS >allows lens to become rounder to focus on near objects
78
Lens in older animals:
-can become CLOUDY (cataract) and less flexible (far-sighted)

Anatomy Section 4 (10 decks)

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