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Anatomy Section 4 > 8 – Anatomy of the Eye > Flashcards

8 – Anatomy of the Eye Flashcards

1
Q

Eyes:

A

-where you first look
-required for survival in most species
-different in size, shape and colour between species and individuals
-similar anatomy and function
-use human anatomy DIRECTIONAL terms

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2
Q

Position of eyes: predatory species

A

-set forward
-overlapping fields of R and L view
-large field of binocular vision
-allows concentration on NEAR objects=better for depth perception for hunting

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3
Q

Position of eyes: prey species

A

-more laterally
-not much overlap between L and R field views
-have a WIDE field of view
>allows awareness of surrounding, but cost of losing binocular vision

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4
Q

Eye:

A

-globe
-bulbus oculi

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5
Q

Adnexa:

A

-structures that PROTECT and move the eyeball
>fascia
>muscles
>eyelids
>conjunctiva
>lacrimal apparatus

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6
Q

Orbit:

A

-cavity containing the EYEBALL and most of adnexa

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7
Q

Orbital CONE:

A

-adnexal structures continue in a conical shape

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8
Q

Periorbita:

A

-most external layer of orbital fascia
*connective tissue lining the orbit

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9
Q

Dog/cat and pig: bone of the orbit

A

orbit rim not fully bony
>gap completed by orbital ligament

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10
Q

Horse and ox: bone of the orbit

A

-orbital rim fully bony

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11
Q

Higher primates: bone of the orbit

A

-bones completely surround the structures posterior to the eye

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12
Q

Layers (tunics or coats) of the eyeball:

A

-made up 3 closely attached layers
>*forming a laminated sheet

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13
Q

Names of layers of the eyeball:

A
  1. Fibrous tunic
  2. Vascular tunic (uvea)
  3. Nervous tunic (retina)
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14
Q

Fibrous tunic:

A

-external layer
-made of dense collagenous tissue
-gives form to and protects the eyeball
-only COMPLETE tunic

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15
Q

Fibrous tunic includes:

A

-sclera
-cornea

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16
Q

Sclera:

A

-OPAQUE posterior part of the fibrous tunic
-generally white (‘white of the eye), with a bluish tinge
>some species grayish due to pigments

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17
Q

Cornea:

A

-rostral ¼ of fibrous tunic
-bulges out
-avascular
>fed by diffusion
-interstitial fluid constantly pumped out to help transparency

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18
Q

Cornea made of:

A

-special DENSE connective tissue arranged in lamellar form
-lots of nerve endings

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19
Q

Nerve endings of cornea:

A

-make it sensitive to touch
Ex. corneal reflex checked under anesthesia

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20
Q

Corneoscleral junction (limbus):

A

-where the sclera and cornea come together

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21
Q

Vascular tunic (uvea):

A

-middle layer
-consists largely of blood vessels and SMOOTH MUSCLE

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22
Q

Role of vascular tunic:

A

-nourish
-regulate lens shape and size of pupil

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23
Q

Vascular tunic includes:

A

-choroid
-ciliary body
-iris

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24
Q

Choroid is:

A

-dense network of blood vessels within a heavily PIGMENTED connective tissue

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25
Q

Role of choroid:

A

-nourish the retina
-responsible for the ‘red eye’ in our pictures
>seeing th blood vessels

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26
Q

Ciliary body:

A

-suspends lens
-regulates curvature of lens
-production of aqueous humor

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27
Q

Iris:

A

-SUSPENDED between cornea and lens
-only internal structure seen through cornea without instruments
-FLAT RING attached at periphery to sclera
*adjusts size of pupil=controls amount of light coming in

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28
Q

Iris shape:

A

may change among species/individuals

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29
Q

Iris colour:

A

-determines ‘colour of the eye’
-most melanin=dark brown
-albino eyes have no melanin=appear red
-other colours are in between

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30
Q

Iris muscles types:

A

-sphincter
-dilators

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31
Q

Sphincter muscles of iris:

A

-near internal margin

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32
Q

Dilator muscles of iris:

A

-arranged radially

33
Q

Pupil:

A

-opening in iris CENTER
-appears black because fundus is dark

34
Q

Cat pupil:

A

-slit when constricted
-round when opens

35
Q

Pupil in dog:

A

-round

36
Q

Pupil in ox and horses:

A

-oval

37
Q

Iridic granules:

A

-corpora nigra
-irregular outgrowth of posterior iris epithelium, containing COILS of capillaries
-usually seen on upper pupil margin in UNGULATES
-may provide ‘shades’

38
Q

Ciliary body components:

A

-zonular fibers
-ciliary processes
-ciliary muscle

39
Q

Zonular fibers:

A

-attach to the EQUATOR of the lens to suspend it

40
Q

Ciliary processes:

A

radial ridges
-anchor for ZONULAR fibers

41
Q

Ciliary muscles:

A

-attach ciliary processes to sclera
-smooth muscle
-used for ACCOMMODATION to focus on near/far objects

42
Q

Tapetum lucidum causes:

A

-‘eye shine’ in animals at night
>different from red-eye in humans

43
Q

What is the tapetum lucidum?

A

-variously coloured, light-reflected area in the dorsal fundus of the choroid

44
Q

Role of tapetum lucidum:

A

-reflects and thus AMPLIFIES the low light at dark
-nocturnal adaptation to aid vision in dark
>humans and pigs don’t have it

45
Q

Carnivores tapetum lucidum:

A

-CRYSTAL rods within tapetal cells are arranged so the light is split
>acting ad microscopic prisms

46
Q

Herbivores tapetum lucidum:

A

-same results
-uses BRICKLIKE arrangement of collagen fibers

47
Q

Nervous tunica (retina):

A

-most internal layer
-lines the choroid all the way to the margin of pupil
-responsible for vision

48
Q

Nervous tunica (retina) role:

A

-most directly involved with vision
>converts visual signal to nerve impulses

49
Q

Nervous tunica is:

A

-an extension of the BRAIN and connected to it by optic nerve

50
Q

Optic nerve is covered by:

A

-meninges

51
Q

Nervous tunica (retina) made of:

A

-largely made of NERVES
-2 layers from embryonic optic cup
>appose but not firmly attached

52
Q

2 layers from embryonic optic cup names:

A
  1. Outer pigmented retina
  2. Inner neuroepithelial retina
53
Q

Outer pigmented retina:

A

-firmly attached to choroid
-lacks pigment over tapetum lucidum

54
Q

Inner neuroepithelial retina:

A

-photoreceptors (rods and cones) in CAUDAL 2/3rd of fundus
-phototransduction

55
Q

2 layers appose but not firmly attached:

A

-inner layer kept in place by VITREOUS humor
-retinal detachment occurs and can be fused back using laser

56
Q

All mammals possess:

A

-cones

57
Q

Nocturnal species: cones

A

-few cones

58
Q

Trichromatic vision:

A

-only old world higher primates
-red, green, blue

59
Q

Dichromatic vision:

A

-most mammals
-only have 2 cone pigments with different spectra
-red/green colour blind (can see blue/yellow)

60
Q

Rodents vision:

A

-can see ultraviolet

61
Q

Our world is less colourful then:

A

-birds
-fish
-insects

62
Q

Ocular media kinds:

A

-aqueous humor
-vitreous humor

63
Q

Aqueous humor:

A

-clear fluid
>electrolytes, glucose, AA and ascorbic acid

64
Q

Role of aqueous humor:

A

-nourish and waste removal for cornea and LENS
-maintain intraocular pressure
-transmit and refract (BEND) light

65
Q

Portions of aqueous humor:

A

-anterior chamber: between cornea and iris
-posterior chamber: between iris and lens

66
Q

Aqueous humor produced by:

A

-epithelial cells of ciliary body

67
Q

Aqueous humor absorbed in:

A

-filtration (iridocorneal) angle bye venous plexus at PECTINATE LIGAMENTS

68
Q

Vitreous humor:

A

-forms 2/3rd of eyeball volume
-gel-like (98% water, 2% collagen and hyaluronic acid)
-encapsulated in vitreous body
*CONSTANT: not normally produce/absorbed

69
Q

Role of vitreous humor:

A

-maintain shape of eye
-maintain position of RETINA
-transmit and refract (bend) light

70
Q

Lens shape:

A

-biconvex
-nucleus surrounded by ELASTIC fiber layers

71
Q

Lens enclosed in a:

A

-CAPSULE

72
Q

Lens suspended by:

A

-zonular fibers

73
Q

Lens properties:

A

-avascular (fed by diffusion)
-dehydrated (60-75% water)
>to help with CLARITY

74
Q

Lens function:

A

-transmit and refract (bend) light

75
Q

Lens involved in:

A

-accommodation

76
Q

Lens at rest:

A

-stretched out to focus on far objects (always want to be ready for danger signals)

77
Q

Parasympathetic on lens:

A

-causes ciliary muscles to contract (collectively act as a large SPINCTER)
*relieves tension on ZONULAR FIBERS
>allows lens to become rounder to focus on near objects

78
Q

Lens in older animals:

A

-can become CLOUDY (cataract) and less flexible (far-sighted)

Anatomy Section 4 (10 decks)

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