6a - The Larynx

Question 1

Larynx function:

Answer 1

-involved in vocalization/phonation
-protection of lower respiratory tract by closing at swallowing
-closing the glottis for straining, defecation, parturition

Question 2

Parts of upper airway:

Answer 2

*nasopharynx and larynx
-pharyngeal recess
-opening of auditory tubes
-laryngeal entrance
-epiglottis
-vocal folds
-arytenoid cartilages

Question 3

Parts of the airway in the larynx:

Answer 3

-laryngeal entrance=aditus
-laryngeal vestibule
-glottis
-infraglottic cavity

Question 4

Cartilages of larynx:

Answer 4

-epiglottic
-arytenoid
-thyroid
-cricoid

Question 5

Epiglottic cartilage shape:

Answer 5

-single
-median
-leaf-shaped
-most rostral
-elastic

Question 6

Arytenoid cartilage shape:

Answer 6

-paired
-pyramidal-shaped
-irregular
-mainly hyaline, but corniculate process is elastic

Question 7

Thyroid cartilage shape:

Answer 7

-single
-trough-shaped
-largest
-body and 2 lateral parts
-hyaline

Question 8

Cricoid cartilage shape:

Answer 8

-single
-most caudal
-signet ring-shaped
-arch ventrally
-hyaline

Question 9

With age what kind of cartilage can become partly bony?

Answer 9

-hyaline
>thyroid?

Question 10

Rostral process (cornu): thyroid cartilage

Answer 10

-articulate with thyrohyoid

Question 11

Caudal process (cornu): thyroid cartilage

Answer 11

-articulate with cricoid

Question 12

Caudal thyroid incisure: thyroid cartilage

Answer 12

*only in horses
-covered by crico-thyroid ligament

Question 13

Arytenoid cartilage parts in horse:

Answer 13

-corniculate process
-muscular process
-vocal process

Question 14

Corniculate process (horse):

Answer 14

-corniculate tubercule (when covered by mucosa)
-attached to aryepiglottic fold

Question 15

Muscular process (horse):

Answer 15

-major site of muscular attachment

Question 16

Vocal process (horse):

Answer 16

-attached to vocal ligament

Question 17

Arytenoid cartilage in dog:

Answer 17

-*cuneiform process: additional process
>more rostral

Question 18

Position of larynx:

Answer 18

-remains suspended from cranial base by hyoid apparatus
-moves a hyoid and tongue move

Question 19

Crico-arytenoid and crico-thyroid joint type in dog:

Answer 19

-synovial

Question 20

Crico-arytenoid is the:

Answer 20

-most important for regulating glottic opening

Question 21

Laryngeal ligaments:

Answer 21

-elastic
-hold cartilages together and to other structures

Question 22

Laryngeal ligaments names

Answer 22

-vestibular and vocal ligaments are less elastic
-crico-thyroid ligament

Question 23

Laryngeal ligaments and mucosa:

Answer 23

-mucosa covers them to make folds
>vocal fold
>vestibular fold

Question 24

Laryngeal ventricles formation:

Answer 24

-outpouching of mucosa
*diverticulum

Question 25

Lateral laryngeal ventricles species:

Answer 25

-horse, dog and pig

Question 26

Lateral laryngeal ventricles absent in:

Answer 26

-ox and cat

Question 27

Median laryngeal recess:

Answer 27

-pigs

Question 28

Laryngeal entrance:

Answer 28

*aditus
-epiglottis
-aryepiglottic folds
-corniculate processes/tubercules

Question 29

Laryngeal vestibule:

Answer 29

-rostral to glottis
-vestibular folds
-laryngeal ventricles

Question 30

Glottis:

Answer 30

-arytenoids
-vocal folds (chords)
-glottic cleft=rima glottidis

Question 31

Infraglottic cavity:

Answer 31

-caudal to glottis

Question 32

Laryngeal muscles groups:

Answer 32

-extrinsic
-intrinsic

Question 33

Extrinsic laryngeal muscles:

Answer 33

-sternothyroideus
-thyroheideus
-pharyngeal muscles

Question 34

Pharyngeal muscles:

Answer 34

-thryopharyngeus
-cricopharyngeus

Question 35

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles innervation:

Answer 35

*all except one supplied by caudal “recurrent” laryngeal branch of vagus nerve
>not cricothyroideus

Question 36

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles:

Answer 36

-cricoarytenoideus dorsalis
-cricoarytenoideus lateralis
-arytenoideus transversus
-cricothyroideus
-cricothyroideus
-thyroarytenoideus

Question 37

Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis:

Answer 37

-abductor of vocal folds
*only one that opens glottis

Question 38

Cricoarytenoideus lateralis:

Answer 38

-adductor
>closes glottis

Question 39

Arytenoideus transversus:

Answer 39

-adductor
>closes glottis

Question 40

Cricothyroideus:

Answer 40

-lengthens/tenses vocal folds
>course adjustment
*only one supplied by cranial laryngeal nerve

Question 41

Thyroarytenoideus:

Answer 41

-adjusts tension in vocal folds
>fine adjustment

Question 42

Thyroarytenoideus in horse and dog:

Answer 42

-split into ventricularis and vocalis