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Norman England, c1066–c1100 > 8.5 Economic and social changes under the Normans > Flashcards

8.5 Economic and social changes under the Normans Flashcards

1
Q

What was in the centre of the village?

A

The church (large stone building)

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2
Q

What is around the village?

A

Fields

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3
Q

What is the open field system?

A

All of the land that can be used to grow crops in the village around 1/3 belong to the Lord, crops which are grown there are his. The rest of the land belongs to the villagers.

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4
Q

How are fields formed in the village?

A

By a series of hedges. The hedge rows form the outer edges of the field. The field itself is divided into strips.

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5
Q

Where were the village houses situated?

A

Around the church

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6
Q

What did the house of a villager look like?

A
  • single building
  • small
  • single story
  • thatch roof made of straw
  • walls made from wattle and daub
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7
Q

What are the negative of the village house?

A
  • not wind/weather-proof

- not well-insulated

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8
Q

What are the conditions inside the villagers house?

A
  • single room
  • centre of the room is a fire pit for warmth and cooking
  • sleeping is done on a single pallet or some strands of straw
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9
Q

What did Villagers cook?

A

Stew, pottage, porridge

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10
Q

Where did the villagers animals live?

A

Stayed outside, but brought indoor in the night to protect it from predators

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11
Q

What type of peasants are these villagers?

A

Serfs or Villeins

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12
Q

What is a serf?

A
  • Not a slave nor free
  • cannot be bought or sold, however they come with the land.
  • So in essence they come with the land e.g if the king provides you with the land you are given the serfs as well
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13
Q

What is the duty of a serf?

A
  • Work on the Lord’s fields

- Pay rent through crops you grow

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14
Q

Where does the Lord live?

A

Manor House (made out of Stone, warmer)

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15
Q

Who are those who live in the same area as the Lord does?

A

Freemen

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16
Q

What is the difference between a Freemen and a serf?

A
  • Freemen are free and not tied to the land

- Freemen are usually the more skilled people like the miller, baker or blacksmith

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17
Q

All the land/villages owned by Lord is called the?

A

Demesne

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18
Q

Who lives in the Manor House with the Lord?

A
  • Reeve
  • Bailiffs
  • village priest
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19
Q

How are the lives of Freemen made difficult?

A

Workers have to use Lord’s possession and pay tax for using them.

For example the baker will use the Lord’s oven and pay for it.

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20
Q

What benefits does the Lord gain for having peasants in his village?

A

Gets a share of all the produce

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21
Q

What did peasants eat and drink?

A

Pottage and beer (due to the water being unsanitary and filled with diseases)

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22
Q

How long do villagers work for?

A

All day until nightfall

23
Q

In the spring, what did farmers do?

A

Sowing seeds by hand

24
Q

In the summer, what did farmers do?

A

Harvesting crops and picking fruit

25
Q

In the autumn, what did farmers do?

A

Ploughed the fields

26
Q

In the Winter, what did farmers do?

A

Surviving off of Summer Harvest

27
Q

Did the villagers live a carnivorous or herbivorous lifestyle?

A

herbivorous

They kept the animals for as long as possible, for example a chicken kept alive would provide eggs every day.

28
Q

What is the day of rest for the peasants?

A

Sunday (holy day)

Also holy days off

29
Q

What are the villagers duty for the church

A

A tenth of everything you produce belong to the Church, this was known as a tithe.

30
Q

What was the main industry in villages?

A

Sheep farming

31
Q

How many new towns were found during the reign of William 1st?

A

21

32
Q

What two buildings led to the growth of towns?

A

Introduction of castles and cathedrals

33
Q

How do markets lead to the growth of towns?

A

Trade occurs there, fairs require grants from the King.

34
Q

How many grants for fairs were provided by William 1st?

A

2800

35
Q

Give an example of a fair which was given a grant by King William 1st.

A

Bury St Edmund

36
Q

How is the importance of the salt trade present in Norman England?

A

3 people paid their taxes just in Salt in Droitwich

37
Q

The salt trade is important. Give example of other important trades.

A
  • iron (like in Gloucester)
  • lead
  • wool
38
Q

What are the purposes of town economically and socially?

A

Creates more tax revenue

Leads to the creation of a new class Burgesses (they had special freedoms such as the right to be tried
only in the town court).
39
Q

How are towns organised?

A

In guilds

40
Q

Explain guilds

A

All the town people with similar expertise band together (for example fisher men or black smiths)- they share knowledge, share practice.

There were opportunities to join a trade. Young men could become an apprentice for seven years, before becoming a journeyman and eventually
a master craftsman. These joined guilds.

41
Q

In the Anglo-Saxon system how was land organised? How does this change under the Normans?

A

Anglo-Saxon:

Earls and thegns are landowners; peasants are at the bottom; King is no different to other earls, he is just in charge

Normans:

All land belongs to the King and it his to give to his follow and take from those who oppose him. Land under the Norman’s is a major mechanism of control. Feudal system is tied to land. Landholding and lordship is the same thing; new system.

42
Q

In the Anglo-Saxon system how were laws organised? How does this change under the Normans?

A

Anglosaxon’s used trial by ordeals, but the Normans further added to this including the Trial by Combat.

Murmdrum fines are introduced.

Norman changed inheritance laws to primogeniture, where the eldest son inherited all the land of the father. In Anglo-Saxon times, this was shared between sons.

Forest law introduced. Hunting is criminalised and know only for the King’s entertainment as a sport.

43
Q

What visual changes did the Normans bring?

A

Castles, visual reminder of the Norman power.

44
Q

In the Anglo-Saxon system how were they linguistically organised? How does this change under the Normans?

A

Language Anglo-Saxon England changed to Norman French. Creates a barrier through social classes.

45
Q

Who did life change for the least?

A

Peasants

46
Q

Who did life change for the most?

A

Earls and barons

47
Q

Give an example of how Norman economically benefit.

A

The power and wealth of lords increased. One Norman lord called Alan Rufus managed to increase income from his lands in Norfolk by 40 per cent.

48
Q

Give an example of how Anglo-Saxon freemen socially were disadvantaged.

A

Many previously free peasants (known as ceorls) lost their freedom because
they could not afford to pay higher rents. In Bourn, Cambridgeshire, over
half of the freemen had become villeins (tied to a lord) by 1086.

49
Q

Give an example of how Anglo-Saxon slaves socially benefited.

A

The number of slaves fell by 25 per cent by 1086.

50
Q

How did English trade benefit economically under the Normans?

A

Trade increased as England was now more connected with Europe. A new
wool trade was opened up with cloth markets in Flanders.

Jewish moneylenders were brought to England to manage finance and fund
businesses.

51
Q

How did villages economically become disadvantaged under the Norman rule?

A

Some villages, particularly in the north, fell in value. One example is Pickering which fell from (£88 to £1 probably because of the Harrying of the North)

52
Q

How was the Saxon towns population socially affected during Norman rule?

A

Some large Saxon towns such as Oxford, York and Norwich saw a fall in population. Stafford had 179 houses and 40 per cent of these were empty in 1086.

53
Q

By how much did Towns grow under the reign of William 1st?

A

By 1086, there were eighteen towns with a population of over 2000 and 12smaller towns.

Norman England, c1066–c1100 (63 decks)

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