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Norman England, c1066–c1100 > 8.3 Establishing Norman control of England > Flashcards

8.3 Establishing Norman control of England Flashcards

1
Q

After Harold’s death what did the Witan do?

A

Crown Edgar the Æthling as king

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2
Q

What did William do to each place which rebelled?

A

He built a castle and a garrison.

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3
Q

When did William take the throne of England and who crowned him?

A

On Christmas Day, 1066, William was crowned king by the Archbishop of
York Ealdred, refuses Archbishop of Canterbury, Stigand.

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4
Q

William first head to Canterbury in 1066 during his conquest of England? Why does he do this and how the people of Canterbury react?

A
  • Head of English Church

- submit to William immediately

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5
Q

After Canterbury, William heads to ________? How do the people react?

A

1066

  • London
  • He is forced back
  • So William burns the surrounding area of Southwark, London
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6
Q

After William heads to London, he heads for_______? How do the people react?

A
  • Winchester
  • Previous capital, before London
  • Site of the Treasury, economically the most power area in England
  • Contains important church
  • After seeing William’s reaction to London, they surrender
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7
Q

After William heads to Winchester, he heads for_______? How do the people react?

A

-1066

  • Berkhamsted
  • Meets with leading English earls
  • Offers oath of Fealty in exchange for the earls keeping their titles and power
  • Notable members Edgar, Edwin, Morcar swear oath
  • William order the burning of area between London and Berkhamsted as a warning
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8
Q

Who does William replace Stigand with in 1070 as the new Archbishop of Canterbury?

A

Lanfranc

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9
Q

What does William do in March 1067?

A

Goes back to Normandy

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10
Q

During the time William goes to Normandy in 1067, who rebels?

A

Edric the Wild, a Herefordshire thane, revolts at the Welsh border with support from the Welsh Princes

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11
Q

What are some areas where Edric the Wild havocs?

A

Cheshire, Stafford

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12
Q

When and where is Edric the Wild defeated?

A

1069, Shrewsbury by William

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13
Q

Due to rebellions in the Welsh border, who does William employ there?

A

The Marcher Lords

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14
Q

Give an example of a Marcher Lord.

A

William FitzOsbern

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15
Q

In 1068, which city rebels against William?

A

City of Exeter

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16
Q

How many days does the City of Exeter hold out to William’s siege before surrendering?

A

18 days (Harold’s mother Gytha was involved)

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17
Q

After William heads to Exeter, he heads for_______? How do the people react?

A
  • Bristol and Gloucester

- Meets resistance by Harold Godwinson’s sons and their followers

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18
Q

Whilst William is occupied with Exeter and Bristol and Gloucester, who heads North planning their rebellion against the King?

A

Edgar, Edwin and Morcar and raise forces, also joined by Waltheof

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19
Q

In January 1069, who was burned to death and whose house is destroyed, these acting as a direct provocation against William’s authority?

A

Robert De Comines

Bishop of York’s house is burned down

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20
Q

How does the situation in the North become worse for William in 1069? Hint: Vikings

A

240 Viking ships into North Yorkshire, joining Edgar’s and Waltheof’s army

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21
Q

What success do Edgar and Waltheof achieve?

A

They capture the Castle of York

22
Q

How does William’s cause the Vikings to leave Edgar’s and Waltheof’s army?

A

He pays them off

23
Q

After William’s gains the Vikings allegiance, what does Edgar do?

A

Flee to Scotland, knowing he will be welcomed King Malcolm who has recently married Edgar’s sister

24
Q

After William’s gains the Vikings allegiance, what does Edwin and Morcar do?

A

Flee

Edwin flees North, assuming he will find protection against William with Malcom, the King of Scotland but is betrayed by 3 of his followers and turned over to the Normans and murdered

Morcar roams around the northern countryside attempting to raise further rebellions. However, he is shunned by the northerners as he was responsible for the North but fled during the Harrying, so no one would rise with him, afraid of the consequences they would face by William.

25
Q

After William’s gains the Vikings allegiance, what does Waltheof do?

A
  • Offered an Oath of Fealty and forgiveness by William

- Offered William’s nieces hand in marriage

26
Q

What consequence do the North face due to the rebellions of 1069?

A

Harrying of the North

27
Q

Explain the consequences of the Harrying of the North?

A
  • Kill every animal in the North
  • Burns every field and house he can find
  • Soils the ground with salt, ensuring the land is infertile and nothing will grow there again
  • Described as an act of Genocide
28
Q

What percent of the North died or never returned?

A

75% of the population died or never returned according to the Domesday book.

29
Q

How many people died due to starvation in the Harrying?

A

100,000

30
Q

How are the severity of the Harrying defined as reliable?

A

A large number of Medieval chroniclers such as William of Poitiers and Orderic Vitalis who are have a big bias in favour towards William, who often exaggerate his successes and downplay his losses, all commented the same message when it comes to Harrying of the North:

They say he did too much, what he did was wrong and they can not defend his actions. They condemn his actions.

31
Q

According to the Domesday book in 1086 (17 years after the Harrying), what percent of Yorkshire was uninhabitable?

A

80%

32
Q

What was the purpose of Harrying of the North in the long term?

A

Visual warning to all who would rebel against William, he is now the one in charge and whoever opposes him he will welcome them with destruction.

33
Q

After the Harrying of the North, who present William with threat in 1070?

A

Hereward the Wake in East Anglia

34
Q

According to Gesta Herewardi, how many times did Hereward get the upper hand against William and escape? What type of warfare did he use?

A

3

Guerilla warfare

35
Q

Who joined up with Hereward?

A

Earl Morcar and Dane warriors from King Sweyn

36
Q

Where did Hereward establish his base?

A

Ely Abbey, East Anglia

37
Q

What precautions did William take against Hereward?

A
  1. Built a mile long wooden ramp to the Abbey, only for the ramp to collaspe, under the weight of the Normans heavy armour and leading them to drown and die
  2. Enlisted the help of an old witch who he housed in a wooden tower to terrorise the rebels, before flashing her bare buttocks at them. Hereward set the tower, the Witch was situated in on fire.
38
Q

How does William finally beat Hereward?

A

Due to being betrayed by the monks of the abbey who show William a secret route

39
Q

What happens to the rebels after William arrives at Ely abbey?

A

All the rebels are captured, except Hereward who escapes into the night.

Morcar is exiled and in-prisoned in Normandy for the rest of Williams life

40
Q

After the rebellion of Hereward in 1070-71, who invades Northern England in 1072? How does William respond?

A

King Malcolm and Scotland

William invades Scotland, only to make Malcom recognise William is truly in charge. But also making a deal that prohibits Malcom from protecting Edgar. So Edgar is exiled and sent to Holland.

41
Q

What was Williams last rebellion and when?

A

The rebellion of the Norman earls in 1075

42
Q

Why did William not provide any of his followers with any large land? Except the?

A
  • Learnt from the Godwin rebellion of 1051
  • Never gave any Barona land next to each other, so none had enough power to rebel on their own
  • Except the Marcher Lords
43
Q

How are Marcher Lords different to normal Earls?

A

They had the own power to make their own castles.

44
Q

William FitzOsbern dies in 1071 who replaces him as Marcher Lord?

A

Roger de Breteuil, 2nd Earl of Hereford

45
Q

Who starts the 1075 Earls Rebellion?

A

Ralph de Gael, joined by Roger de Breteuil

Ralph and Roger

46
Q

Why does Roger de Breteuil join the Earls Rebellion of 1075?

A

He forbade Roger’s marriage; limited his power as Marcher Lord in comparison to his father William FitzOsbern, therefore sees this as a personal attack.

47
Q

Which English Earl joins the Norman Earl Rebellion?

A

Waltheof

48
Q

How does William retaliate against the Earl’s rebellion?

A
  • Doesn’t get involved himself
  • Leaves it his half-brother Bishop Odo and Archbishop of Canterbury Lanfranc
  • Lanfrac sends troops to Herefordshire to combat Roger, than blinded and imprisoned
  • Odo forces Ralph’s army to Norwich and eventually to leave the country to Brittany
  • Waltheof is blinded than beheaded
49
Q

When does William die?

A

1087

50
Q

Who rebelled against William by attacking Dover castle?

A

Eustace

1067

51
Q

How many of Earl Roberts men were killed?

A

900

Norman England, c1066–c1100 (63 decks)

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