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Biology HL IB 2020-22 > 8.2 Cell respiration (HL) > Flashcards

8.2 Cell respiration (HL) Flashcards

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1
Q

5 steps of respiration `

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Link reaction
  3. Krebs cycle
  4. Electron transport chain
  5. Chemiosmosis
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2
Q

Mitochondria: Function of outer membrane

A

Contains transport proteins that enable movement of pyruvate from cytosol

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3
Q

Mitochondria: Function of inner membrane/cristae and how its adapted for efficiency

A

Contains ETC and ATP synthase. Inner membrane is folded which increases SA:V ratio for more available surface

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4
Q

Mitochondria: Function of matrix

A

Central cavity that contains all the enzymes and suitable pH for Krebs cycle and link reaction

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5
Q

Mitochondria: Function of DNA and ribosomes

A

Ribosomes synthesize proteins/enzymes for aerobic respiration while naked DNA maintains function

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6
Q

Mitochondria: Inter-membrane space function and how its adapted for efficiency

A

Used to create hydrogen ion gradient upon proton accumulation. It has a small space between membrane to maximize gradient

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7
Q

What is electron tomography?

A

A technique for obtaining 3D structures of sub-cellular structures using electron micrographs

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8
Q

Electron carrier

A

A molecule that is capable of accepting electrons from one molecule and donating it to another in process of electron transport

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9
Q

What are the two most common electron carriers in cell respiration? Give oxidized and reduced form

A
  1. NAD+–> NADH + H+
  2. FAD+ –> FADH2

FAD and NAD are reduced

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10
Q

When does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

During ETC and chemiosmosis

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11
Q

Phosphorylation and its effect

A

Addition of phosphate groups, making molecule less stable and reaction occurs faster

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12
Q

Glycolysis: Why are lipids and proteins not preferred compared to carbs?

A

Lipids are harder to transport and digest but will yield more energy. Proteins can release dangerous nitrogenous compounds

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13
Q

Glycolysis: Where does it occur?

A

In the cytosol

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14
Q

Glycolysis: Summary of process

A
  1. Hexose is broken down into molecules of pyruvate (3C) + one phosphate group through hydrolysis
  2. Two hydrogen carriers are reduced
  3. Net total of 2 ATP molecules are produced
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15
Q

Glycolysis: Where does energy go when glucose molecule is broken down?

A

Most of the potential energy is retained in the two pyruvates

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16
Q

Glycolysis: Where is there net total of 2 ATP?

A

Phosphate group from pyruvate is added back to initial 2 ADP however other inorganic phosphate groups are also present so they get added to ADP due to energy release. 4 ATP produced but 2 were used up in the beginning

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17
Q

Glycolysis: What is direct synthesis of ATP called?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

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18
Q

Glycolysis: What happens to hydrogen in pyruvate molecule?

A

It reduces NAD+ to NADH. NADH will go through ETC to produce more ATP

19
Q

Glycolysis: How does this process relate to anaerobic respiration?

A

As glycolysis is the only process that doesn’t require oxygen, only 2 ATP is produced. Pyruvate will be converted to lactic acid or ethanol+CO2

20
Q

Link reaction: What process takes place?

A

Oxidative decarboxylation

21
Q

Link reaction: Summary of process

A
  • Pyruvate enters matrix
  • Enzymes uses O2 to remove one carbon and make CO2 and also remove one hydrogen
  • NAD+–> NADH
  • CoenzymeA has acetyl group (2C)and becomes acetyl CoA which enters Krebs cycle
22
Q

Link reaction: How many times does reaction occur?

A

2 pyruvates means link reaction occurs twice per molecule of glucose

23
Q

Link reaction: What does the acetyl group consist of?

A

2 remaining carbons

24
Q

Krebs cycle: Where does it occur?

A

Matrix

25
Q

Krebs cycle: Summary of process

A
  • Pyruvate + acetyl CoA enter
  • 2C + 4C sugar form hexose
  • Oxidative decarboxylation of 6C=>5C + CO2
  • Again 5C=> 4C + CO2
  • Between 6-5C and 5-4C, NAD and FAD are reduced and provide electrons for ETC
26
Q

Krebs cycle: What happens to acetyl CoA after decarboxylation?

A

It becomes CoA which returns to link reaction and is recycled

27
Q

Krebs cycle: How many NADH and FADH2 are produced?

A

3 NADH and 1 FADH2 per cycle

28
Q

Krebs cycle: How much ATP is produced?

A

1 ATP per cycle

29
Q

Krebs cycle: How much CO2 is produced?

A

2 per cycle between each decarboxylation

30
Q

Krebs cycle: How many times does it occur?

A

Occurs twice as there are two molecules of acetyl CoA

31
Q

How many decarboxylation reactions are there in aerobic respiration?

A
  1. 1 in link reaction and 2 in Krebs cycle
32
Q

What is the max yield of one glucose?

A

38 ATP

33
Q

ETC: Why does it happen?

A

Electrons have to be removed as energy to synthesize ATP is derived from oxidation of H carriers

34
Q

ETC: Where does it happen?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

35
Q

ETC: What is the process called?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation part I

36
Q

ETC: Summary of process

A
  • Oxidization of carriers lead to release of high energy electrons and photons
  • Energy is used to pump H+ ions in the matrix across inner membrane and electrons lose energy
  • H+ ions accumulate in inter-membrane space creating conc. gradient
  • Ions then return to the matrix through ATP synthase down EC gradient
37
Q

Chemiosmosis: What is it?

A

Diffusion of protons across semi-permeable membrane, through ATP synthase

38
Q

Chemiosmosis: What is the process involved called?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation part II

39
Q

Chemiosmosis: Summary of process

A
  • Proton motive force will cause H+ ions to move down gradient and diffuse into matrix
  • Once through ATP synthase, the H+ ions trigger molecular rotation of enzyme, synthesizing ATP
40
Q

Chemiosmosis: Why does reduction of oxygen take place?

A
  • De-energized electrons must be removed for ETC to continue
41
Q

Chemiosmosis: Summary of oxygen reduction

A
  • Oxygen is final electron acceptor for ETC and combination prevents chain from being blocked
  • O2 also binds with free protons to form water in matrix which removed excess ions and maintains gradient
42
Q

Chemiosmosis: What happens in absence of oxygen?

A

Hydrogen carriers cannot transfer energized electrons to ETC and ATP production is stopped

43
Q

During aerobic respiration, which sequence do electrons follow?

A

Glucose>NADH>ETC>Oxygen

44
Q

In cellular respiration, the energy for most ATP synthesis is supplied by?

A

A proton gradient across a membrane

Biology HL IB 2020-22 (24 decks)

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