1.1 Introduction to cells Flashcards

1
Q

3 core ideas of cell theory

A
  1. Cell is the smallest structural unit of life
  2. Cells can only arise from pre-existing cells
  3. All living organisms are made of cells
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2
Q

Evidence that organisms are made of cells

A
  • Cells divide and multiply by meiosis or mitosis
  • Cells are divided into little compartments when observed under the microscope
  • Organelles are specialized structures with specific functions and which cannot survive alone
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3
Q

Atypical examples that disprove cell theory + what they disprove

A
  1. Striated muscle cell: Defies that cells should have one nucleus
  2. Aseptate hyphae: Defies that cell should be a single unit. Usually hyphae have multiple septa to divide.
  3. Giant algae: Defies idea that a cell should be simple and small. It could exceed 7cm. It is also complex with long stalks and a cap of long branches
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4
Q

7 functions of life

A

MR H GREN

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5
Q

Functions of life in a paramecium

A
Reproduction: Large nucleus 
Response: Cilia
Nutrition: Food vacuole 
Homeostasis: Contractile vacuole 
Excretion: Cell membrane 
Metabolism: Cytoplasm
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6
Q

Functions of life in chlorella

A
Reproduction: Nucleus 
Nutrition: Chloroplasts 
Metabolism: Cytoplasm 
Homeostasis: Contractile vacuole 
Excretion: Plasma membrane
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7
Q

Importance of SA:V ratio

A
  • If ratio is too small, substances cannot enter cells as quickly and waste products will accumulate
  • Cells may overheat as heat is produced faster than it’s released from surface
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8
Q

How do they maintain SA:V?

A
  • Shorter diffusion pathways
  • Concentration gradients should be easy to generate
  • Folding if membranes to increase SA
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9
Q

Emergent properties and function

A

Properties that arise from interaction between component parts. It allows multicellular organisms to complete functions that could not have been done by individual cells

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10
Q

Advantages of emergent properties

A
  • Efficient as cells carry out fewer roles faster and so they save energy
  • Cells can develop ideal structure for their function to increase efficiency
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11
Q

In which cell is entire genome active?

A

Totipotent

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12
Q

How do newly formed cells become specialized?

A
  • Cells receive signals to deactivate certain genes
  • Deactivated genes are tightly packed into heterochromatin
  • Other genes are expressed, loosely packed into euchromatin
  • Cells become specialized as genes repressed and expressed are different
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13
Q

How many different specialized cell types exist currently?

A

220

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14
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

They are undifferentiated cells that can form more cells of the same type and from which other type of cells can arise from differentiation.

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15
Q

Totipotent

A

Differentiate into any cell type and can give rise to a complete organism eg. Zygote

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16
Q

Pluripotent

A

Can self-replicate and differentiate into many types of cells but cannot give rise to a complete organism eg. Embryonic stem cells from blastocyst

17
Q

Multipotent

A

Can differentiate into few closely related cells but more limited eg. Adult and cord cells

18
Q

Unipotent

A

Can regenerate but only differentiate into cell type it arose from eg. Muscle and skin cells

19
Q

Stargardt’s macular dystrophy

A
  • Recessive genetic condition
  • Mutation causes active transport protein on photoreceptor cells to malfunction and degenerate
  • Causes progressive loss of central vision
20
Q

How does stem cell treatment work for macular dystrophy

A

Stem cells are divided and differentiated to become retinal cells. They are injected into retina where they hopefully attach and restore vision. Currently only viable treatment

21
Q

Leukemia

A
  • Cancer of the blood or bone marrow

- Results in abnormally high amounts of poorly functioning white blood cells

22
Q

How does stem cell treatment work for leukemia?

A
  • Uses hematopoietic stem cells which are harvested from marrow, peripheral blood or cord cells
  • Chemo or radiotherapy can be used but it destroys healthy bone marrow so HSC is injected into bone marrow to form new WBCs.
  • Less rejection of patient’s own HSC compared to marrow transplants
23
Q

Differentiation in embryo, cord blood and adult stem cells

A

Embryo: Differentiate into any type

Cord + Adult: Limited capacity

24
Q

Genetic damage in embryo, cord blood and adult stem cells

A

Embryo + Cord: Less chance of genetic damage

Adult: Due to accumulation of mutations throughout life, genetic damage can occur

25
Compatibility of embryo, cord blood and adult stem cells to parent cells
Embryo: Not genetically identical to parent | Cord + Adult: Fully compatible with parent as they are genetically identical
26
Main arguments FOR therapeutic cloning
- May pave the way for future discoveries and beneficial technology - Can be used to treat and cure serious diseases and disabilities - Transplants are less likely to be rejected - They do not require death of another human - Cells are taken when embryo doesn't have nervous system and hence doesn't feel pain - Can be created without need for destruction of natural human embryo
27
Main arguments AGAINST therapeutic cloning
- Embryonic stem cells are capable of continued division and may develop into cancerous cells or tumors - More embryos are produced than needed so excess are killed - Religious or moral objects due to the 'Playing God' argument - Embryo could potentially be used in IVF and develop into a human fetus - Potential for race to clone first human
28
Equation for magnification
Image size / Actual size
29
How to use a scale bar
Measure scale bar and then divide by actual size given on scale bar to get magnification
30
Metabolism
Sum of all chemical reactions inside cells of an organism, including respiration for energy
31
Response
Ability to react to changes in the environment, includes movement and sensitivity
32
Homeostasis
Regulation of bodily conditions within tolerable limits
33
Growth
Irreversible increase in size
34
Reproduction
Producing offspring sexually or asexually
35
Excretion
Removal of waste products of metabolism
36
Nutrition
Obtaining food to provide energy and materials required for growth
37
Units of measure for cells (largest to smallest)
mm- millimeters um- micrometers nm- nanometers