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Biology HL IB 2020-22 > 4.1 Species, communities and ecosystems > Flashcards

4.1 Species, communities and ecosystems Flashcards

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1
Q

Species

A

A group of genetically similar living organisms that are able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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2
Q

Gene pool

A

A collection of genes found in a population. All members of a species have a common gene pool

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3
Q

Fertile offspring

A

Those which can interbreed and pass on their genes to another generation

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4
Q

Why aren’t mules considered a species?

A

They are infertile possibly because they have odd number of chromosomes (64 from horse and 62 from donkey comes to 63 in mules)

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5
Q

Population

A

A group of members of the same species living together in the same place at the same time

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6
Q

Communities

A

Groups of different populations living and interacting in a particular area

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7
Q

Ecosystem

A

A community and its abiotic environment

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8
Q

Habitat

A

The environment in which a species normally lives

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9
Q

Abiotic factors

A

Non-living factors like salinity, wind speed, type of soil, pH of water

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10
Q

Biotic factors

A

Living factors like plants and animals

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11
Q

What is the order of grouping? i.e. Species

A 
Species 
Population
Community 
Ecosystem
Biome 
Biosphere
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12
Q

Autotrophs

A

Organisms that are capable of making their own complex organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water eg. Plants

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13
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Organisms that obtain their organic compounds by feeding on other organisms

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14
Q

Are bacteria, protoctista and fungi auto or heterotrophic?

A

Protoctista and bacteria can be both while fungi is heterotrophic

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15
Q

What do you call organisms which feed both autotrophically and heterotrophically?

A

Mixotrophs

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16
Q

Give an example of a mixotroph

A

Euglena and venus flytraps. Both undergo photosynthesis and endocytosis

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17
Q

What are the 3 type of heterotrophs?

A
  • Consumers
  • Detritivores
  • Saprotrophs
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18
Q

Consumers

A

Organisms that gain nutrients by feeding on other organisms using ingestion or absorption

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19
Q

How do consumers like Paramecium take in their food?

A

Through endocytosis. They digest it in food vacuoles using lysosomes

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20
Q

Why are parasites considered consumers?

A

They rely on host to break down food for them and then they absorb it through their skin.

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21
Q

How can consumers be further divided?

A

Primary/secondary consumers, herbivores and carnivores etc.

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22
Q

Detritivores

A

Organisms that gain nutrients by feeding on dead organic material (detritus) and breaking it into smaller organic molecules

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23
Q

Example of detritivores

A

Earthworms, woodlice, dung beetles

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24
Q

What does it mean when we say detritivores use ‘internal digestion’?

A

It is the process by which it digests food inside of its body, usually with the aid of a digestive tract

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25
Q

How are detritivores important to the environment?

A

They are important for recycling nutrients and returning them to the soil for autotrophs to use

26
Q

Examples of detritus

A

Hair, skin cells, faeces, feathers, remains of decaying bodies

27
Q

Saprotrophs

A

Organisms that get their nutrients by secreting enzymes into their environment to break down organic debris around them

28
Q

What is external digestion?

A

The process by which organisms break down external nutrients outside and then absorb them in

29
Q

Why are saprotrophs not consumers?

A

They do not ingest food

30
Q

Why is nutrient cycling important?

A

To sustain ecological stability

31
Q

Main difference between saprotrophs and detritivores

A

Saprotrophs perform external digestion while detritivores perform internal digestion

32
Q

Symbiosis

A

Means “living together” and it refers to the outcomes of interactions between populations

33
Q

Mutualism

A

Symbiotic relationship which benefits both organisms

34
Q

Example of mutualism: Spider crabs and algae

A

The algae lives on the crab’s back. This camouflages the crab from predators while algae gets a place to live

35
Q

Commensalism

A

A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

36
Q

Example of commensalism

A

Birds building their nest in a tree

37
Q

Parasitism

A

Symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and other is harmed

38
Q

Example of parasitism

A

Mosquitos and humans. Mosquitos depend on human blood while humans are uncomfortable and can even contract diseases

39
Q

Communities and their interactions are complex. Briefly outline how introduction of wolves to a park of deer can change ecosystem (even changing the course of river)

A
  • Large amounts of deer= less vegetation=more soil erosion
  • Wolves reintroduced= reduction of deer and hence change in behaviour (eg. avoiding certain parts of park)
  • Vegetation regrew, soil stabilized and banks stopped collapsing= change in course of river
40
Q

Predator-prey relationship

A

One in which one organism hunts and feeds on another

41
Q

Why are abiotic environments like Antarctica impossible to live in except for few organisms?

A

Temperatures can be too low (-80C in Antarctica) or too high and there may be harsh conditions like no light for upto 6 months. Organisms that do survive have to have special adaptations

42
Q

What elements do organisms need to make complex compounds?

A

Carbon sources, P + N for nucleic acids, S for proteins and so many more. (Eg. Mg for bones and selenium for enzymes)

43
Q

Why are coral reefs and tropical jungles ideal?

A

They have ample food resources and sufficient inorganic nutrients

44
Q

How do self-sustaining environments remain sustainable?

A
  • Continuous energy availability
  • Nutrient cycling
  • Recycling of waste (eg. breaking down toxic molecules)
45
Q

Photoautotrophs vs. chemoautotrophs

A

One uses energy from sun for photosynthesis while other relies on chemical energy to make organic compounds

46
Q

How does nutrient cycling help food chain?

A

It moves organic molecules and mineral through the food chain and back into soil where it can be re-entered through reuptake in plants

47
Q

Mesocosm

A

Tool used to model ecosystems in order to monitor and evaluate variables and their effects. Energy enters and leaves but matter doesn’t

48
Q

What do mesocosms evaluate?

A

Evaluates how organisms and communities might react to environmental change through manipulation of environmental variables

49
Q

Advantages of a mesocosm

A
  • Treatments are easily replicated
  • Effect of many environmental factors can be tested
  • Direct and indirect effects can be studied
  • Contamination influence can be studied and evaluated
  • Constants can be controlled to see effect on one factor at a time
  • Sustainability can be tested
50
Q

Chi squared tests

A

A form of statistical analysis that determines how likely an observed distribution is due to chance

51
Q

How does chi squared tests help evaluation?

A

They help better understand communities and whether two populations are associated and dependent upon each other or not

52
Q

What type of hypothesis does chi-squared tests test?

A

“Goodness of fit”

53
Q

Ecological frequency

A

Number of times a plant species occurs in a given number of quadrats. Usually expressed as a percentage

54
Q

Expected frequency

A

Number of quadrats a population is expected to occupy in an area

55
Q

Degrees of freedom

A

Number of rows minus one into number of columns minus one.

56
Q

What is the common p value accepted for implication that variables are dependent?

A

It is commonly accepted that p value should be less then 0.05 for it to imply variables are dependent

57
Q

Limitations of chi squared tests

A

○ Can only be used for categorical data
○ Data must be raw data counts, not percentages or continuous data
○ Not valid if sample size is small value, eg. One organism
○ Cannot tell you what the association between the variables is

58
Q

What is quadrat used for and what shape can they be?

A

Can also use a quadrat to see how many organisms fall in a part of the grid. Quadrat can be of any size or shape but usually a square

59
Q

Why is random sampling necessary?

A

Random sampling is necessary to obtain data that is random and unbiased and where every organism or subject has equal chance of being part of sample

60
Q

Formula for chi squared tests is: X^2=Σ * (O−E) 2 /E What does each variable mean?

A
  • X^2 is test statistic
  • Σ Is the sum of (i.e. using formula for all values in table)
  • O= observed frequencies
  • E= Expected frequencies

Biology HL IB 2020-22 (24 decks)

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