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Biology HL IB 2020-22 > 2.8 Cell respiration > Flashcards

2.8 Cell respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Gradual and controlled release of energy by breaking down organic compounds to produce ATP molecules

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2
Q

3 main processes of cellular respiration in humans and where they occur

A
  1. Glycolysis (cytoplasm)
  2. Krebs cycle (Matrix of mitochondria)
  3. Electron transport chain (Inner mitochondrial membrane)
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3
Q

ATP

A

Molecule that carries energy within the cell for biochemical processes

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4
Q

Is ATP hydrolyzed or condensed to produce energy?

A

Hydrolyzed

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5
Q

What does ATP allows us to do?

A

Basic functions to maintain life like thinking, moving, digestion, conducting nerve signals and breathing

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6
Q

Difference between respiration and breathing

A

Breathing is physical inhalation and exhalation while respiration is breakdown of organic compounds and ATP production

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7
Q

What is the substrate in respiration?

A

Glucose

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8
Q

ATP + H2O

A

ADP + Inorganic phosphate + energy released from high energy bond

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9
Q

Which process is involved in anaerobic respiration?

A

Only glycolysis as others require oxygen

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10
Q

2 types of anaerobic respiration

A

Alcoholic fermentation and lactic fermentation

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11
Q

Formula for lactic fermentation

A

Glucose–> Lactate + 2 ATP molecules

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12
Q

Formula for alcohol fermentation

A

Glucose–> Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + 2 ATP

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13
Q

Two organic molecules besides glucose that can be used for respiration

A

Lipids and proteins

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14
Q

How does yeast help in baking? Refer to anaerobic process

A

Yeast respires anaerobically to produce ethanol and CO2. CO2 helps bread rise as it gets trapped and makes bubbles while ethanol is evaporated due to heat

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15
Q

Give one example of when humans respire anaerobically and why

A

During running or strenuous exercise, muscles need ATP to continue even after oxygen is used up. Although only 2 ATP is produced, power of muscle contractions can be maximized

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16
Q

Oxygen debt

A

Demand for oxygen that builds up during period of anaerobic respiration

17
Q

In aerobic, is glucose oxidized or reduced?

A

It is oxidized

18
Q

Why is there increased ATP production in aerobic?

A

It goes through all 4 steps of cellular respiration which yields potential energy at each step

19
Q

Glucose + oxygen

A

CO2 + H2O + Energy

20
Q

What is used to measure rate of respiration and how does it measure?

A

Respirometer. It uses oxygen consumption as an indicator

21
Q

Respirometer: Purpose of filter paper wicks

A

Rolled up to increase efficiency of CO2 absorption

22
Q

Respirometer: Purpose of KOH

A

KOH absorbs CO2 so changes in pressure due to oxygen can be observed

23
Q

Respirometer: Purpose of capillary tube

A

Movement in oil per minute allows us to measure rate of O2 consumption and volume if diameter is known

24
Q

Respirometer: Purpose of syringe

A

Used to reset position of colored oil for repeat tests

25
Q

Respirometer: Purpose of rubber bungs

A

Closes system to prevent changes in air volume not due to respiration

26
Q

Respirometer: Purpose of metal cage

A

Keeps organism in place and away from KOH

27
Q

Respirometer: Purpose of water bath

A

To control for temperature as that can affect pressure

28
Q

Respirometer: Purpose of control tube

A

Ensures changes are all due to respiration and not reaction of KOH with other gases

29
Q

What does ATP consist of?

A

Adenosine + triphosphate linked by high energy bonds

30
Q

Ethical and environmental concerns of using animals in respirometers

A
  • Removing animals from their natural habitat should have no dire effects and they should be safely returned to population
  • Animals should not suffer
  • Will hydroxide have an impact on their body, reaction or genetics
  • Is using animals essential or are there alternatives?
31
Q

Which reaction is water produced in?

A

Aerobic respiration

32
Q

How is bioethanol produced? Reference function of yeast

A
  • Starch and cellulose in plants are broken down into sugars
  • Fermenters keep yeast in optimum conditions
  • Yeast respires, sugar in plants get converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide
  • Ethanol is purified by distillation and water is removed to improve combustion
33
Q

Why is anaerobic respiration done for short periods of time?

A

There is a limit to the concentration of lactate the body can withstand

Biology HL IB 2020-22 (24 decks)

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