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Cold War > 8- Flashpoints Between East And West > Flashcards

8- Flashpoints Between East And West Flashcards

1
Q

Why was Afghanistan important to the USSR? + USA?

A
  • USA saw if SU occupied Afghanistan it would threaten India + Pakistan
  • for SU it meant they could control much of West’s oil supplies
  • SU invaded coz they did not want to see the collapse of neighbouring states
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2
Q

Who took control of A in 27th April 1978?

A

People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA)communist party overthrew gov

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3
Q

Who is Nur Muhammad Taraki?

A
  • Secretary of the PDPA
  • Became president of the revolutionary council
  • Became Prime minister of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
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4
Q

What did PDPA introduce during its first 18 month rule?

A
  • Communist style reform programme
  • Thousands of members of the traditional élite- Muslim religious establishment and intellectuals=imprisoned, tortured + murdered
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5
Q

Who took power from Taraki+ when?

A
  • September 1979

- Hafizullah Amin

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6
Q

Why was their insatbilth during Amin’s power?

A

Coz of the anti-Muslim policies

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7
Q

How did thousands of Muslims respond to the anti-Muslim policies?

A
  • Thousands joined the mujahideen(guerrilla movement)
  • Was proclaimed to be a holy mission for Allah+ wanted to overthrow amin
  • Mujahideen declared war on jihad- amin supporters
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8
Q

What assistance did Brezhnev offer to Amin in 1978?

A

Gave out military equipment + advisers. This was part of the SU military assistance programme- increased during the civil war

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9
Q

Why did Amin not want to be relient on the SU?

A

Wanted to improve links with the USA

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10
Q

Explain what Brezhnev meant by Islamic Fundamentalism?

A

He was concerned about the growing power of the Muslims + wanted to tell Muslims in SU that SU would not change their ways. SU saw this as a great threat.

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11
Q

When did Brezhnev send troops to A + how many?

A

25th December 1979- 1 Jan 1980
More than 50,000
Went to restore order+ protect PDPA

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12
Q

How did Brezhnev justify his decision to send troops to A?

A
  • Said they were complying with the 1978 Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation + Good neighbourliness that Taraki had signed
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13
Q

What happened to Amin?

A
  • 27th December 1979, Amin was shot + replaced with Babrak Kamal( had been in exile in Moscow).
  • His position depended on SU support.
  • Many A soldiers deserted+ joined the mujahideen, then Kamal needed 85,000 SU soldiers
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14
Q

Why was Carter (USA president)under such considerable pressure to respond to the invasion?

A
  • November 1979: seizure of US embassy staff as hostages in Iran by militant Islamic students
  • Wanted their former leader, SHAH, to be retired from exile
  • Carter failed to solve the problem = US accusing him of being a weak leader
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15
Q

What was the Carter doctrine?

A
  • Made after the invasion
  • Policy stated that US would use military force to defend it’s national interests in the Persian Gulf region
  • Promised US military aid to all countries bordering A
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16
Q

What was the Rapid Deployment Force?

A

We’re a quick strike military force that could intervene anywhere in the world with such short notice

17
Q

What happened after the Carter Doctrine?

A
  • US cancelled shipment of goods to SU
  • US companies were forbidden to sell high technology
  • Gave assistance to the guerrilas
18
Q

When was the Moscow Olympics?

A

1980

19
Q

What happened at the Moscow Olympics?

A
  • Carter pressured the United States Olympic Committee to boycott the Olympic
  • Carter threatened to with hold funding + remove tax benefits
  • USOC agreed+ 61 other countries followed US example
20
Q

What happened after the Olympic were boycotted?

A
  • Alternative event called the ‘Liberty Bell Classic’
  • At official Olympic Soviet won 195 medals + 80 gold = US press ridiculed this
  • Nicknamed the ‘Misha Bear’ ( SU mascot)the ‘Gulag Bear’
21
Q

When did détente end?

A

1980

Relations were at it’s lowest since the Cuban Missile Crisis

22
Q

Who succeeded Carter in the USA?

A

Ronald Reagan- 1980

23
Q

How did Reagan react to the foreign policy?

A
  • He wanted to fight communism
  • Change of policy was called ‘Second Cold War’
  • Keen to increase Us defence spending
  • Wanted to get rid of the humiliation of loss at the Vietnam war
24
Q

When did Reagan announce his defence policy?

A

Between 1981-1987

Cost more than a trillion dollars

25
Q

What was Reagan’s defence policy?

A
  • 100MX missiles
  • Construction of new stealth bombers which cannot be detected using satellites
  • Development of the neutron bomb
  • Put cruise missiles (could not be detected bu radar)in west Europe coz of the SU SS20 missiles
26
Q

What was the impact of Reagan’s policy?

A
  • R + his advisors thought they could win war against SU using a strategy known as NUTS
  • Both superpowers believed in the MAD theory
27
Q

What was NUTS?

A
  • Nuclear Utilisation Target Selection

- involved directing weapons at the opponent warhead, rather than cities to destroy their nuclear weapons

28
Q

What was the MAD theory?

A
  • Mutually Assured Destruction
  • Belief that nuclear weapons made each side less secure+ less likely to attack
  • Enemy would not dare strike first coz opponent will also strike back
29
Q

When was the ‘Zero option’ proposed + by who?

A

November 1981 by Reagan

30
Q

What was the ‘zero option’?

A
  • Reagan was prepared to discuss arms limitation coz SU had economic problems
  • This option was used to cancel deployment of new US intermediate-range missiles in Western Europe for SU also dismantling
  • Brezhnev rejected offer= US place more missiles in Europe
31
Q

What was START?

A

Strategic Arms Reduction Talks

32
Q

What was happening in Poland?

A

A trade Union movement Solidarnosc

33
Q

How did the USA get involved with Poland?

A
  • Gave secret assistance to the trade Union
  • The Union leaders were banned + Imprisoned in 1982
  • US criticised Brezhnev+ Polish gov for their
  • SU left START talks in 1983= Reagan announced as Strategic Defence Initiative( SDI)
34
Q

When was the SDI announced+ what was it’s nickname?

A

23 March 1983

‘Star Wars’ programme by the media

35
Q

What was SDI?

A

Plan for ground, space and laser armed anti-ballistic missiles system, if deployed would shield against missiles launched at the US, destroying them in the process

36
Q

Who was Brezhnev’s successor?

A

Yuri Andropov

37
Q

How did the Soviet respond to the SDI?

A
  • Andropov realised he would have to spend more money on armaments in order to compete with the US
  • SU economy already had problems, so more spending= worse economy
  • US had won the race to moon in 1969 + developed shuttle
  • SU where behind in computer tech
  • SU could no longer compete in the arms race

Cold War (9 decks)

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