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Anatomy Module II > 8-Digestive system-II- Alimentary canal > Flashcards

8-Digestive system-II- Alimentary canal Flashcards

1
Q

Pharynx function

A

Provide communication between nasal & oral cavities with the larynx and trachea

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2
Q

Pharynx regions

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Orophayrnx
  • Laryngopharynx
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3
Q

Pharynx lining

A

Mostly Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium

-respiratory areas lined with pseudostratified respiratory epithelium

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4
Q

General layers of the alimentary canal

A 
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
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5
Q

Main layer of the alimentary canal

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa (dense irreguar CT)
  3. Muscularis Externa(all regions except upper 2/3rds of of esophagus
  4. Serosa(Mesothelium + CT) or Adventita (CT)
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6
Q

Parts of mucosa(general)

A

Lining epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae

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7
Q

Esophagus mucosa

A
  • Lining epithelium- Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
  • Lamina propria- Loose CT w/ lymphatic nodules, MALT, esophageal cardiac glands
  • Muscularis mucosae- Smooth muscle- organized
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8
Q

MALT

A

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

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9
Q

Esophageal cardiac glands

A
  • Lamina propria of distal esophagus

- secrete mucus and protects esophagus from acid

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10
Q

Esophagus Submucosa

A
  • Dense Irregular CT with elastic fibers
  • Esophageal gands proper
  • Location of Meissner’s plexus
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11
Q

Esophageal gland proper

A
  • Located thorough out the length of esophageal submucosa

- produces mucus that lubricates the wall and offers protection

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12
Q

Meissner’s plexus

A

Parasympathetic innervation to muscularis mucosae

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13
Q

Esophageal muscularis externa

A

-Inner circular/outer longitudinal
-Skeletal muscle replaced with smooth muscle
Upper 1/3- skeletal
middle 1/3- mixed
Lower 1/3- smooth
-Auerbach’s plexus

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14
Q

Auerbach’s plexus

A
  • Between inner circular/outer longitudinal

- innervates muscularis externa

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15
Q

Esophageal adventitia and serosa

A
  • Adventia in thorastic cavity bind to trachea, aorta and other thoratic structures
  • Serosa-covers part within the abdomen
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16
Q

Gastro-esophageal junction

A
  • Abrupt changes in epithelium from Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium to simple columnar epithelium
  • Gastroesophageal sphincter- physiological sphincter- inner circular layer increases in tone
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17
Q

Parts of the stomach and which are histoogically the same

A 
Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pylorus
-Fundus and body are histologically the same
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18
Q

Major function of the stomach

A

Physical and chemical digestion into chyme

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19
Q

Rugae

A

Transient folds in the stomach

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20
Q

Stomach-Mucosa-lining epithelium

A

Simple columnar epithelium covers: luminal surface, gastric pits and glands

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21
Q

Stomach glands

A
  • 3-7 glands per pit
  • Extend from gastric pit into the lamina propria to level of muscularis mucosae
  • isthmus, neck and base
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22
Q

Cell types of lining epithelium

A

1) Surface mucous cells
2) Mucous neck cells
3) Stem cells
4) enteroendocrine cells
5) Parietal cells
6) Chief cells

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23
Q

Surface mucous cells(location structure and function)

A

-Luminal surface of stomach and gastric pits
-Simple columnar cells, apical mucigen granules, basal nucleus
Function: release mucin, forms viscous alkaline mucus with water high in bicarbonate protects the luminal surface from acid.

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24
Q

Types of stomach galnds

A

Gastric glands
Cardiac glands
Pyloric glands

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25
Q

Gastric glands(location and cell types)

A 
-Body and fundus
Mucous neck cells 
Stem cells 
Enteroendocrine cells 
Parietal cells
Chief cells
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26
Q

Cardiac glands(location and cell types)

A 
-Cardia
Mucous neck cells 
Stem cells
Enteroendocrine cells
-Some parietal cells
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27
Q

Pyloric glands(location and cell types)

A

-Pyloris
Mucous neck cells
Stem cells
Enteroendocrine cells

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28
Q

Mucous neck cells (location structure and function)

A

Location: Ismuth and neck of cardiac and gastric glands. Adjacent to parietal cells

  • Structure: Columnar, can appear less regular. Apical Mucigen granules and basal nucleus
  • Function: contribute to mucous, less alkaline than surface mucous cells. Protect parietal cells
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29
Q 
Stem cells(location structure and function) 
Stomach
A

Location: Isthmus and neck of the cardiac and gastric glands
Structure: columnar cells
Function: Stem cells for all epithelial cell types in the stomach

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30
Q 
Entroendocrine cells (location structure and function) 
Stomach
A

Location: Base of cardiac and gastric glands
Structure: Basally secretes granules
Function: Basal secretion of various hormones into lamina propria(blood vessels)

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31
Q

Parietal cells (location structure and function)

A

Location: scattered throughout the gastric glands
Structure: Large triangular with intracellular canaliculi and microvilli. Cytoplasm is eosinophillic due to abundant mitochondria.
Function: Produce H+ and Cl- separately.

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32
Q

Chief cells (location structure and function)

A

Location: Base of gastric glands
Structure: apical zymogen granules with pepinogen. Basal cytoplasm basophillic from rER
Function: Secrete pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin, and gastric lipase

33
Q

Stomach-Mucosa- Lamina propria

A

Surrounds gastric glands and pits

Loose CT with few lymphatic nodules and MALT

34
Q

Stomach-Mucosa-Muscularis Mucosae

A

Smooth muscle

facilitates outflow of gastric glands

35
Q

Stomach-Submucosa

A
  • Dense irregular CT
  • Neurovascular structure including Meissner’s plexus
  • No glands
36
Q

Stomach-Musularis extrerna

A
  • 3 layers inner oblique, middle circular, outer longitudinal layers
  • Auerbach’s nerve plexus between muscle layers
  • Mixes chyme and moves content to duodenum
37
Q

does the stomach have serosa or adventitia?

A

Serosa- covers the stomach

38
Q

Pyloric sphincter(location, structure, function)

A

Located at the junction of pyloric stomach and the duodenum

Formed by thickening of middle circular layer of muscularis externa

39
Q

Main regions of the small intestine

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, and ileum

40
Q

Small intestine major functions

A

Complete digestion

Absorb nutrients

41
Q

Absorptive feature(list)

A

Plicae circulares
Villi
Microvilli

42
Q

Plicae circulares

A

Series of permanent circular folds mucosa and submucosa

43
Q

Villi

A

evaginations of the muscosa -lined with SSE with a core of lamina propria

44
Q

Microvilli

A

Located at the apical spect of enteroctyes/absorptive cells (mucosa)

45
Q

Small intestine-Mucosa-Lining epithelium

A

Simple columnar epithelium covers villi and intestinal glands/crypts of Leiberkuhn

46
Q

Small intestine-Mucosa-lining epithelium (cell types)

A
  1. Enterocytes(absorptive cells)
  2. Goblet cells
  3. Enteroendocrine cells
  4. Paneth cells
  5. M-cells
  6. Stem cells
47
Q

Enterocytes (location, structure, and function)

SI

A

Location: line luminal surface of villi migrate from the crypt
Structure: Columnar cell with microvilli, covered in glycocalyx, called striated border.
Function:
-Absorptive role: transports nutrients from lument into blood
-Secretory role: glycoprotein enzymes are secreted into the glycocalyx(digestive) also secrete water to maintain chyme consistency

48
Q 
Goblet cells (location, structure, and function)
SI
A

Location:line the luminal surface of villi and crypts. Scattered among enterocytes. Increase in number from duodenum to distal large intestine
Structure:Goblet shape. apical mucigen granules
Function: Mucin release apically

49
Q 
Enteroendocrine cells (location, structure, and function)
SI
A

Location: scattered along villi and crypts
Structure: basal secretory granules
Function: Release various hormones

50
Q 
Paneth cells (location, structure, and function)
SI
A

Location: Base of intestinal crypts
Structure: Apical eosinophilic granules that contain lysozyme
Function: lysozyme digest the cell wall of microrganisms

51
Q

M-cells(location, structure, and function)

SI

A

Location; mainly overlie large lymphatic nodules
Structure:
-Apical: lack of microvilli but have microfolds
-Basal: large intracellular pockets immune cells migrate through the discontinuous basement membrane
Function: endocytose and transport antigens to underlying immune cells

52
Q 
Stem cell (location, function)
SI
A

base of intestinal crypts

Replace all lining epithelial cell types

53
Q

Small intestine-mucosa-lamina propria

A

-Loose CT at the core of intestinal villus and surrounds intestinal crypts/glands. Fenestrated capillaries, lympatic vessel(lacteal), Smooth muscle fibers, MALT, and lymphatic nodules

54
Q

Small intestine-mucosa-Muscularis mucosae

A

Movement of villi

55
Q

Small intestine-submucosa

A

-Dense irregular connective tissue includes Meissner’s plexus, blood, and lymph vessels in all three regions

56
Q

Small intestine-submucosa-Duodenum

A

Large mucous gland(Brunner glands)

-Protects epithelium and provides optimal pH for pancratic enzymes

57
Q

Small intestine-submucosa- jejunum

A

no unique histologic features

58
Q

Small intestine-submucosa-Ileum

A

Large lymphoid nodules called peyer patches extend from submucosa into the lamina propria

59
Q

Small intestine-Muscularis externa

A

Inner circular and outer longitudinal Auerbach’s plexus which is important for peristalsis

60
Q

Small intestine-Serosa and adventitia

A

Serosa covers majority of the small intestine

adventitia located where duodenum contacts the posterior abdominal wall

61
Q

Parts of the large intestine

A
  • Ileocecal valve(leads to cecum)
  • Appendix
  • Colon
  • Rectum
  • Anal canal
62
Q

Large intestine major functions

A
  • Absorption of water and Na+

- Indigestible material(feces) is formed and expelled.

63
Q

Ileocecal valve

A

Thickening of the inner circular layer of musicalris between the ileum and cecum

64
Q

Appendix

A
  • Extends from the cecum
  • typical 4 layer wall
  • high density of lymphatic nodules and little to no absorptive function
65
Q

Large instestine-mucosa- lining epithelium

A
  • Simple columnar epithelium. NO vili

- Has numerous tubular lands/crypts that extend into the lamina propria

66
Q

Large instestine-mucosa- lining epithelium(cell types)

A

1) absorptive cells
2) Goblet cells
3) Enteroendocrine cells
4) Stem cells
5) M-cells

67
Q 
Absorptive cells(colonocytes/enterocytes)(location, structure, function)
LI
A

Location: luminal surface and glands/crypts
Structure:columnar, short microvilli
Function: absorb water and Na+

68
Q 
Goblet cells (location, structure, function)
LI
A

Location luminal surface and glands/crypts
Structure: goblet shaped
Function: mucus lubricates and protects epithelium

69
Q 
Enteroendocrine cells (location,  function)
LI
A

Location: crypts/glands(1° base)
Function: basal secretion of hormones

70
Q 
Stem cells(location,  function)
LI
A

Location: crypts/glands (1° base)
Function: replace epithelial cell types

71
Q

M-cells:(location, structure, function)

LI

A

Location: Overlie lymphatic nodules
Structure: Apical microfolds, basal intracellular pockets
Function: transport antigens to underlying immune cells

72
Q

Large instestine-mucosa- Lamina propria

A

Loose Ct with abundant immune cells more than small intestine
numerous capillaries in which water and sodium are absorbed
no lymphatic vessels as they organize around muscularis mucosae

73
Q

Large instestine-mucosa- muscularis mucosae

A

enhance expulsion of mucus from glands

74
Q

Large instestine- submucosa

A

Dense irregular CT, Meissner’s plexus, blood and lymph vessels
Lymphoid tissue extending from lamina propria

75
Q

Large instestine-Muscularis externa

A
  • Inner circular and teniae coli

- Auerbach’s plexus in between the muscular layers

76
Q

Teniae coli

A

3 evenly spread longitudinal muscle bands

77
Q

Large instestine-serosa and adventitia

A

Serosa covers the intraperitoneal portions of the large intestine
Adventitia located where teh large intestine is in contact withe the posterior abdominal wall

78
Q

Large intestine- Rectum

A

Dilated, distal portion f large intestine
-similar to colon but:
Crypts/glands are deeper with more goblet cells
-no teniae coli has outer longitudinal layers
-Adventitia only

79
Q

Anal canal

A

Upper 1/3: Simple columnar epithelium
Middle 1/3: Stratified columnar epithelium
Lower 1/3: Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium becomes keratinized at the anus
Internal anal sphincter from inner curular layer of muscularis externa
External anal sphincter is skeletal msuonlcle
Adventitia only

Anatomy Module II (9 decks)

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