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Anatomy Module II > 4-Eye > Flashcards

4-Eye Flashcards

1
Q

What holds the eye in place?

A

The bony orbit

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2
Q

List the tunics of the eye

A
  • Fibrous tunic(outer)
  • Vascular tunic(middle)
  • Neural tunic(inner)
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3
Q

Fibrous tunic(parts)

A
  • The sclera

- The cornea

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4
Q

Vascular tunic(parts)

A
  • Choroid
  • Ciliary body
  • Iris
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5
Q

Neural tunic/Retina(parts)

A
  • Retinal pigment epthemlium(outer)
  • Neural retina(inner)
  • The photosensitive region ends at the ora serrata but both layers continue anteriorly and cover the ciliary body and the retina
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6
Q

Sclera(structure, Function)

A
  • White opaque portion of the eye
  • Thick dense CT- mainly Type I collagen with a few elastic fibers and few elongated fibroblasts
  • Sensory innervation
  • Vascularized
  • Function: Protective envelope for the internal eye structures. Attached to extraocular eye muscles to allow movement of the eye
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7
Q

Cornea(structure, function)

A
  • Transparent
  • Avascular-nutrients com from aqueous humor(fluid on the interior) and lacrimal fluids(tears)
  • Highly innervated
  • Important for refraction of light into the eye.
  • 5 histologically distinct layers
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8
Q

Layers of the cornea

A

1) Corneal epithelium
2) Bowman’s membrane(Basement membrane)
3) Stroma
4) Descemet’s membrane(Basement memebrane)
5) Corneal endothelium(Simple squamous layer posterior surface of the cornea)

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9
Q

Corneal epihelium

A
  • Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium(5-7 layers)
  • Turnover rate ~7days (corneal injury)
  • Highly innervated
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10
Q

Stroma

A
  • 90% of corneal thickness
  • Type I collagen few elastic fibers and fibroblasts(similar to sclera with different orgainization
  • lamella organization is important for transparency
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11
Q

Conjunctiva

A
  • Mucous membrane covering anterior scleraand inside the eyelids
  • Stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
  • Goblet cells contribute to tear film
  • Conjunctivitis is inflammation from bacteria virus or allergens
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12
Q

Choroid

A
  • Posterior portion of the vascular tunic
  • Loose CT
  • Highly vascularized & pigmented
  • Provides nutrients to retinal pigment epithelium nad outer layer of neural retina
  • Melanocytes give its pigment absorb light that has passed through the retina to prevent visual interference
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13
Q

Ciliary bodies

A

-A wedge shaped region of the vascular tunica
-Loose CT blood vessels and smooth muscle
-Double laer of cuboidal cells one pigmented and nonpigmented(surface layer)
-Produces aqueous humor
changes shape of the lens
-have ciliary processes

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14
Q

Ciliary processes

A
  • abundant fenestrated capillaries

- Plasma filtrate is trans ported across as aqueous humor

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15
Q

Aqueous humor(flow)

A

Posterior chamber–>Pupillary aperature–>anterior chamber–>leaves via canal of Schlemm to venous system
Replaced 15x/day

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16
Q

Glaucoma

A
  • Increased ocular pressure due to failed resorption of aqueous humor as sclera can’t stretch
  • causes compromised retinal blood flow and progressive retinal damage
  • can cause bindness
17
Q

Ciliary body(lens connection)

A

-Zonule fibers that connect to the lens capsule forming the suspensory ligament of the lens

18
Q

Ciliary muscle contraction(function)

A

-Contraction of ciliary muscles reduces zonule fiber tension and causes the lens to bulge/become more convex for focusing n NEAR objects- called accommodation

19
Q

Ciliary muscle relaxation(function)

A

-relaxation of ciliary muscles increases tension on the zonule fibers cause the lens to flattento focus on far objects

20
Q

Iris

A
  • Posterior surface has a lot pigment cells that block the light from passing through
  • pigmented cells on the anterior surface and within stroma of the iris give eye color (dark eyes have a lo of pigment cells while blue eyes have less)
  • the stroma has smooth muscle
21
Q

Muscles of the iris

A
  • dilator pupillae muscle(radially oriented)
  • sphincter pupillae muscle(circumferentially oriented)
  • Control the pupillary aperature
22
Q

Lens(general parts)

A
  • Biconvex transparent disc that functions to focus light on the retina
  • Lens capsule(basement memebrane covers the whole lens
  • Subcapsular epithelium
  • Lens fibers
  • Opaque lens is called cataracts
23
Q

Subcapsulary epithelium

A

Single layer of cuboidal cells only on the anterior surface of the lens
At the equator they give rise to the lens fibers

24
Q

Lens fibers

A

Bulk of the lens has 2k-3k elongated cells course between anterior and posterior poles of the lens

  • generated at the equator and grow very slowly through out life
  • As they mature they lose the nuclei and organeles and become filled with proteins called crytallins
25
Q

Vitreous body

A
  • transparent refractile gel that fills the vitreous cavity located behind the lens
  • 99% water also has collagen and hyaluronic acid
  • small cells called hyalocytes that produce collagen and hyaluronic acid
  • Phagocytotic calls are in low numbers
26
Q

Retinal pigment epithelium

A
  • Cuboidal to columnar cells with a basal nucleus
    -Apically it has melanin granules microvilli and sleeve like extensions that surround tips of photoreceptor cells
    Reduce light scatter and phagocytose membrane shedding from from photoreceptors
    -Desmosomes, zonulae occludens and zonulae adherens are present to form blood retina barrier
27
Q

Layers of retina(10) in to out

A
  • Inner limiting memebrane
  • Ganglion cell axons(form optic nerve)
  • Cell body of ganglion cells
  • Inner plexiform layer(synaptic zone)
  • inner nuclear layer(cell bodies of bipolar, horiontal and amacrine cells)
  • outer plexiform layer (synaptic layer
  • Outer nuclear layer(cell bodies of rod and cones)
  • Photoreceptor region(rods and cones)
  • Retinal pigment epithelium
28
Q

Photoreceptors

A
  • Rods and cones

- absorb photons cause receptor potential processed in the retinal layers before the retinal ganglion

29
Q

Rods

A
  • extremely light sensitive, used for low level light(night)

- monochromatic- black and white due to one type of one type of photopigment

30
Q

Cones

A

Sensitive to daytime light

-trichromatic blue,red green due to 3 opsins

31
Q

Colorblindness

A

red-green colorblindness 2% of males

- both colors on the x chromosomes

32
Q

Fovea

A

Region of the retina for high acuity vision

  • Rich in cones
  • Missing some retinal layers to get the most light in.
33
Q

The optic disk

A
  • Exit point of the unmyelinated retinal ganglion axons
  • Pierce the sclera and acuire myelin sheath and form optic nerve
  • no photoreceptors cause a blind spot

Anatomy Module II (9 decks)

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