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Anatomy Module II > 1-Respiratory > Flashcards

1-Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Two functional divisions of the lungs

A

1) Conducting portion

2) Respiratory portion

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2
Q

Conducting portion(function, location, function)

A
  • Structure: varying levels of wall thickness
  • Location: parts inside and outside lungs
  • Function: conduct and condition(filter,heat,humidify)
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3
Q

Conducting portions parts

A

Outside lungs: nasal cavity to extrapulmonary bronchi

Inside lungs: Bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles.

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4
Q

Respiratory portion(function, location, function)

A

Structure-Thin walled gas exchange
Location: Only in lungs
Function: gas exchange

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5
Q

Respiratory portion parts

A

Respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar ducts and sacs

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6
Q

Types of circulation in the lungs

A
  • Pulmonary

- Bronchial

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7
Q

Bronchial circulation

A
  • Branches off the aorta
  • provides nourishmnt ot the CT, walls of the bronchi and bronchioles, and pluera
  • Vein-deoxy
  • artery-oxy
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8
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A
  • Blood from right ventricle(RV)
  • 100% of blood
  • Arteries- DEOXY blood from RV. Arteries follows the branches of the bronchi and bronchioles down to capillaries.
  • Veins- Carry OXY blood from capillaries to the left atrium. does not run with the arteries. Located in CT of the lung. 2 veins per lung
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9
Q

Main histological components of respiratory system

A
  • Cartilage
  • Smooth muscle
  • Collagen fibers
  • Elastic fibers
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10
Q

Emphysema

A
  • Enlargement of the airspaces after the terminal bronchioles and dstruction of the walls without fibrosis
  • COPD
  • Enzymatic degradation of elastin
  • most common cause is cigarette smoking
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11
Q

Pleura

A
  • Serous memebrane
  • Parietal- associated withe the walls of the body cavity
  • Viseral- adheres to and cover lung surface
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12
Q

Turbinates or Conchae(structure, function and location)

A

Structure: Bony shelf like projections lined with pseudostratified epithelium. Well vascularized
Function: Increase Surface area
Location:lateral walls of the nasal cavities

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13
Q

Trachea layers

A
  • Mucosa(elastic rich lamina propria, no muscularis mucosae)
  • Submucosa
  • Adventitia/ C-shaped Cartilage become progressively smaller
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14
Q

Tracheal epithelium and other associated cells

A
  • Pseudostratified epithelium
  • Ciliated cells
  • Mucous cells
  • Brush cells
  • small granule cells( enteroendocrine cells)
  • Basal cells
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15
Q

Ciliated cells

A
  • Maintain level of periciliary fluid (water and electrolytes)
  • Each cell has 250 cilia that provide coordinated sweeping movement
  • forms “mucociliary escalator”
  • Clears mucous coat
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16
Q

Mucous cells

A

Mucinognn granues in cytoplasm

Mucous floats on the periciliary fluid

17
Q

Brush cells

A
  • Columnar cells with blunt microcilli
  • Basal surface in synaptic contact with afferent nerve ending
  • receptor cell
18
Q

Small granule cells(enteroendocrine cells)

A
  • Contain secretory granules

- many function in reflexes

19
Q

Basal cell

A

Stem cell of individual cell replacement in the epithelium

20
Q

Metaplasia in respiratory system

A

Pseudostratified epithelium changes to stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
-Harder to remove mucous
-mucous build up in the lumen of respiratory tree
mucus secreting glads get bigger
- must cough to clear secretions
-Inhaled irritants such as smoking cause it.
- reversible if irritant eliminated

21
Q

Bronchi wall layers

A
  • Mucosa- same epithelium as trachea
  • Muscularis-reguates diameter of airway
  • Submucosa- glands present
  • Adventitia/cartilage-Plates smaller with decreasing diameter
22
Q

Intrapulmonary bronchus

A
  • Plates of cartilage become plates and get smaller
  • Muscularis is found
  • More elastic fibers
23
Q

Bronchioles

A
  • 1mm or less
  • embedded in CT of the lungs so they diameter changed with lung volume
  • Terminal-non respiratory or Respiratory-sites of gas exchange
  • pseudostratified to simple columnar to simple cuboidal epithelium
  • gradual changes
24
Q

Bronchiole special feature

A
  • No cartilage
  • Lack submucosal glands
  • thick layer of smooth muscle
  • ciliated cells decrease and club cells increase
25
Q

Club cells(or Clara)(structure, function and location)

A
  • Simple columnar dome shaped, apical aspect poke into lumen
  • Detox harmful compounds in the air
  • secrete a lipoprotein that prevents luminal adhesion
  • Mitotically active stem cell
  • In bronchioles
26
Q

Repiratory bronchioles

A
  • First region of gas exchange
  • Wall is interupted by alveoli
  • mostly club cells
27
Q

Aleoli(function and cells)

A

Site of gas exchange

-Lined with type I & II pneumocytes occasional brush cells

28
Q

Alveoar ducts

A

Smooth muscle disappears at the end of the duct

elastic and collagen are the only support for alveoli

29
Q

Alevolar sacs

A

Spaces surrounded by clusters of alveoli

30
Q

Type I pneumocyte(structure function,location)

A

-Structure: squamous, attenuated cells, many organelles clusted by nucleus while cytoplasm is spread for gas exchange
Function: provide a barrier of minimal thickness for gas exchange
Location- 95% of surface area of the alveolus

31
Q

Type II pneumocytes(septal cell)(structure function,location)

A

Structure: rounded cells apical cytoplasm contains lamellar bodies
Location:Typically found in corners occupy 5% f surface area
Function: Undergo mitosis to regenerate themselves and type I pneumocytes. Also continuously produce surfactant to prevent alveolar collapse

32
Q

Interalveolar septum-thin region

A
  • site of air-blood barrier

- house capillaries that function in gas exchnage

33
Q

Interalveolar septum-thick region

A

Composed of collagen, elastic fibers, capillaries, lymphatic vessels, fibroblasts, mast cells, alveolar macrophages

34
Q

Blood-air barrier

A

-Layer of surfactant
-alveolar epithelium(Type I pneumocytes)
-Fused basement membrane of he alveolar and epithelial cells
-endothelial cells
All type I and type II pneumocytes have desmosomes and occluding junctions

35
Q

Alveolar Pores(Pores of Kohn

A
  • Equilizing pressure in alveoli
  • enable collateral ventilation
  • allow macrophage migration
36
Q

Defense mechanisms

A
  1. Nose and trachea
  2. Mucocilliary escalator (traps and moves debris towards the nasopahrynx
  3. Alveolar macropages(dust cells)

Anatomy Module II (9 decks)

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