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BPK 142 - Lecture > 8 - Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

8 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the circulatory system?

A
  • transport essential materials throughout the body to cells where they are needed and to collect cell products generated by metabolic activity
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2
Q

what are the two sections of the circulatory system?

A

pulmonary circuit

systemic circuit

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3
Q

def: circuit that consists of blood vessels going to and from the lungs

A

pulmonary circuit

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4
Q

def: circuit that consists of blood vessels going to and from the rest of the tissues of the body

A

systemic circuit

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5
Q

def: the two upper chambers of the heart

A

atria

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6
Q

def: the two lower chambers of the heart

A

ventricles

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7
Q

what divides the left and right sides of the heart

A

the septum

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8
Q

which circuit does the right ventricle pump blood through

A

the pulmonary circuit

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9
Q

which circuit does the left ventricle pump blood through?

A

the systemic circuit

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10
Q

def: valve is damages or does not close properly so blood regurgitates causing a noise

A

heart murmur

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11
Q

what is the name of the heart muscle

A

myocardium

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12
Q

unlike skeletal muscle, all of the fibers or cells in cardiac muscle are anatomically interconnected, which is called…?

A

functional syncytium

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13
Q

the fibers of the atria are _______ ______ from the fibers of the ventricles

A

electrically separate

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14
Q

what is the pathway of the wave of depolarization across the heart?

A
  1. S-A node
  2. Atrial muscle fibers
  3. Contraction of atria
  4. Internodal Pathway
  5. A-V node
  6. A-V bundle
  7. Left and right bundle branches
  8. Purkinjie fibers travel throughout the ventricles
  9. Simultaneous contraction of the left and right ventricles
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15
Q

how long is the wave of depolarization delayed for in the A-V node and why?

A

0.10 seconds in order to give the atria time to contract and empty their contents into the ventricles

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16
Q

def: record the wave of depolarization as it passes across the heart using electrodes on the surface of the body

A

electrocardiography

ECG

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17
Q

what are the 3 components of a normal ECG waveform?

A

P wave
QRS wave
T wave

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18
Q

what does the P wave represent?

A

atrial depolarization

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19
Q

what does the QRS wave represent?

A

ventricular depolarization

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20
Q

what does the T wave represent?

A

ventricular repolarization

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21
Q

def: an irregularity in the rhythm of the heartbeat

A

arrythmia

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22
Q

how do you diagnose an arrythmia?

A
  • look at heart rate
  • amplitude and shapes of the ECG
  • time intervals
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23
Q

what are three examples of arrythmias?

A

atrial
nodal
ventricular

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24
Q

condition where individual has irregularly high heart rate at rest

A

tachycardia (atrial fibrilation)

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25
Q

describe nodal arrythmia

A

second and third degree heart blocks (electrical conduction issus)

26
Q

describe ventricular arrhythmia

A

premature ventricual contraction, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrilation

27
Q

what are the two major arteries that supply blood to the heart?

A
  • left coronary artery

- right coronary artery

28
Q

at rest, normal blood flow to the myocardium is about __% of the total cardiac output

A

4%

29
Q

what increases cardiac output?

A

exercise

30
Q

how much oxygen is extracted from blood flowing in the coronary vessels?

A

70-80%

31
Q

def: blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

A

arteries

32
Q

what happens to arteries as they get smaller

A

there is less elastic tissue in the walls and more smooth muscle

33
Q

def: arteries under 0.5 mm in diameter

A

arterioles

34
Q

what do arterioles do during exercise?

A

they dilate, direction blood flow to the active muscles where oxygen and fuel for contraction is required

35
Q

def: very tiny, thin walled vessels where exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissues occurs

A

capillaries

36
Q

def: small vessels which conduct venous blood from capillaries to veins

A

venules

37
Q

def: vessels that convey blood toward the heart, greater diameter but thinner walled

A

veins

38
Q

T or F: Veins can change their diameter

A

True

39
Q

arteries and arterioles constitute the ____ pressure part of the circulatory system

A

high

40
Q

the venules and veins constitute the ___ pressure part of the circulatory system

A

low

41
Q

def: found in those veins which carry blood against the force of gravity, especially in the veins of the legs

A

valves

42
Q

what are the 3 mechanisms involved in return of blood to the heart?

A
  1. pressure difference between the left ventricle and right atrium
  2. skeletal muscle pump, active muscles squeeze the veins and push blood to heart
  3. respiratory pump - decreased pressure in the thoracic cavity during inspiration
43
Q

what are the types of cells in blood?

A
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
  • plasma
44
Q

what percent of the body mass is blood?

A

8%

45
Q

blood volume is greater for…?

A

larger, endurance, and altitude

46
Q

what is plasma composed of?

A

90% water and 10% solutes

47
Q

def: the ratio of the volume of blood cells to the total volume of blood cells to the total volume of blood expressed as a percentage

A

hematocrit

48
Q

where do RBC’s form?

A

in the red bone marrow in ends of long bones and flat bones

49
Q

what is the lifespan of an RBC

A

120 days

50
Q

what are two sites of gas exchange in the body?

A
  1. alveolar capillary membrane in lung

2. tissue capillary membrane in tissues

51
Q

what kind of diffusion occurs at the alveolar capillary membrane in lung?

A
  • net diffusion of O2 from alveoli –> blood

- net diffusion of CO2 from blood –> alveoli

52
Q

what kind of diffusion occurs at the tissue capillary membrane in tissues?

A
  • net diffusion of O2 from blood –> tissue

- net diffusion of CO2 from tissue –> blood

53
Q

what is the partial pressure of a gas dependent on?

A
  1. the total barometric pressure

2. the fractional concentration of the gas

54
Q

what is the most important factor determining gas exchange?

A

the partial pressure gradients of the gases involved

55
Q

the functional residual capacity serves as a damper so that each incoming breath of air only has a small effect of the composition of the _______ air

A

alveolar

56
Q

def: the amount of gas that dissolves in a fluid is a function of two factors
1. pressure of the gas above the fluid
2. solubility coefficient of the gas

A

henry’s law

57
Q

def: the volume of oxygen that crosses the alveolar capillary membrane per minute per millimeter mercury pressure between the alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood

A

diffusing capacity for oxygen

58
Q

what can affect diffusing capacity?

A
  1. the thickness of the respiratory membrane
  2. the number of red blood cells or their hemoglobin concentration
  3. the surface area of the respiratory membrane available for diffusion
59
Q

how can diffusing capacity increase?

A
  1. during exercise more alveoli are ventilated
  2. opening up more capillaries in the lung and greater volume of blood flowing through the lung due to an increase in cardiac output
60
Q

__% of the oxygen in the blood is carried in red blood cells in chemical combination with hemoglobin

A

98%

BPK 142 - Lecture (14 decks)

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