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BPK 142 - Lecture > 10 - Neural Control of Movement > Flashcards

10 - Neural Control of Movement Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three general divisions of the brain?

A
  1. forebrain
  2. cerebellum
  3. brainstem
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2
Q

what is in the forebrain?

A
  • cerebrum

- diencephalon

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3
Q

what are the two divisions of the central nervous system?

A

the brain

the spinal cord

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4
Q

what are two components of the diencephalon?

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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5
Q

the brain stem is continuous with what four components?

A

the spinal cord, medulla, pons, midbrain

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6
Q

what are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A
  1. afferent division

2. efferent division

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7
Q

the peripheral nervous system consists of __ pairs of crainial nerves and __ pairs of spinal nerves

A

12 cranial nerves

31 spinal nerves

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8
Q

def: conveys information from the sensors in the periphery to the central nervous ststem

A

afferent division

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9
Q

def: consists of the somatic and autonomic nervous system

A

efferent division

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10
Q

def: nerve fibers innervate the skeletal muscle

A

somatic nervous system

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11
Q

def: nerve fibers innervate smooth muscle and cardiac muscle and glands

A

autonomic nervous system

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12
Q

what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system and their functions?

A

sympathetic division - fight or flight

parasympathetic division - rest and digest

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13
Q

def: comprise about 90% of the cells within the CNS and occupy about half the volume of the brain

A

neuroglia

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14
Q

def: a nerve cell, specialized to transmit electrical signals

A

neuron

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15
Q

def: also known as soma, contains the nucleus

A

cell body

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16
Q

def: a long fiber that conducts impulses away from the cell body,

A

axon

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17
Q

def: short projections from the cell body that transmit impulses toward the cell body

A

dendrite

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18
Q

what is the main purpose of the neuron?

A

to pass messages or impulses from one part of the body to another

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19
Q

def: discontinuous sheath around the axon primarily composed of lipids and proteins

A

myelin sheath

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20
Q

def: spaces between the segments of myelin sheath

A

nodes of ranvier

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21
Q

which nerve fibers have faster conduction velocities? myelinated or unmyelinated?

A

myelinated nerve fibers

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22
Q

def: the connection of an axon of one nerve to the cell body or dendrites of another nerve

A

synapse

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23
Q

what are the 3 classes of neurons?

A
  • afferent
  • efferent
  • interneurons
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24
Q

what kind of neurons carry impulses from the sensory receptors into spinal cord or brain?

A

afferent neurons

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25
what kind of neurons transmit impulses from the CNS out to the effector organs, muscles and glands?
efferent neurons
26
what kind of neurons lie entirely within the CNS and account for 99% of all nerve cells
interneurons
27
def: an appropriate stimulus suddenly causes sodium ions to rush to the inside of the nerve which causes a reversal of polarity
action potential
28
what are the two types of transmitter substances?
excitatory or inhibitory
29
the impacts of different transmitter substances are _____ and the will _____
additive and sum
30
what is spatial summation?
when multiple inputs from different regions add together
31
what is temporal summation?
when the same input occurs over time fast enough to add up to cause an action potential
32
what is a neuromuscular junction?
nerve to muscle synapse
33
what chemical transmitter substance is involved in synapses?
acetylcholine
34
what are the two enlargements in the spinal cord?
- the cervical enlargement | - the lumbosacral enlargement
35
what segments does the cervical enlargement extend from?
C4 to T1
36
what segments does the lumbosacral enlargement extend from?
T11 to L1
37
def: a network of converging and diverginf nerve fibers, or blood vessels
plexus
38
what lies in the gray matter?
nerve cell bodies
39
what constitutes the white matter?
interconnecting tracts of nerve fibers(axons)
40
what's the breakdown of the 31 spinal nerves?
``` 12 thoracic 8 cervical 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal ```
41
each spinal nerve has a _____ root and a ventral ____ connected to the spinal cord
dorsal root and ventral root
42
what does the dorsal root contain?
afferent(sensory) fibers that carry information from the periphery to the central
43
what does the ventral root contain?
efferent(motor) fibers to the skeletal muscle
44
where are the cell bodies of motor axons that make up ventral roots located?
in the ventral gray horns of the spinal cord
45
where are the cell bodies of the sensory axons that make up the dorsal roots located?
outside of the spinal cord in the spinal ganglia
46
def: a collection of nerve cell bodies located outside of the CNS
ganglion
47
def: transection of the spinal cord results in loss of all sensation and voluntary movement inferior to the point of damage
spinal cord injury
48
if a patient is quadriplegic, where is their spinal cord transected?
superior to C5
49
if a patient has a transection above C4, what could happen?
they may die of respiratory failure
50
if a patient is paraplegic, where is their spinal cord transected?
below the cervical segment
51
def: deficiency of blood supply to the spinal cord caused by fractions, dislocations, atherosclerosis
ischemia
52
T or F: when the brain or spinal cord is damaged, in most cases the injured axons can recover
false
53
def: conduct sensory information to the CNS from muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints
proprioceptors
54
describe structure of muscle spindles
- several modified muscle fibers - contained in capsule - sensory nerve spiraling around its center
55
how do spindle fibers and regular fibers lie?
parallel to each other
56
what kind of fibers are spindle fibers?
intrafusal
57
what kind of fibers are regular fibers?
extrafusal
58
what do muscle spindles do?
send information to the CNS regarding the degree of muscle stretch
59
with increasing degrees of stretch of the muscle spindle, the frequency of impulse transmission up the afferent neuron to the spinal cord _________.
increases
60
what are the 3 ways the muscle spindle can activate the alpha motor neurons to cause muscle contraction?
1. tonic stretch 2. phasic stretch 3. gamma system
61
tonic stretch concerns...?
the final length of the muscle fibers
62
how does phasic stretch concern the spindles?
spindle responds to the velocity of the rate of length change
63
what do gamma efferent fibers do?
innervate the contractile ends of the intrafusal fibers
64
what two motor neurons coactivate eachother?
alpha motor neurons and gamma motor neurons
65
gamma system provides the mechanism for maintaining what?
the spindle at peak operation at all muscle lengths
66
what does the density of muscle spindles depend on?
the degree of control required by a given spindle
67
where are golgi tendon organs located?
- near the junction of the muscle and tendon
68
how are golgi tendon organs arranged with the muscle fibers?
they are in series
69
when a muscle contracts, the GTO is ______
stretched
70
the firing rate of the GTO is very _____ to changes in the tension of the muscle
sensitive
71
sensory input from GTO about the tension produced by muscles is useful for actions like...
maintaining a steady grip on an object
72
what happens when GTO's are stimulated by excessive tension or stretch?
send sensory information to the CNS, causes the contracted muscle to relax which protects the muscle and its connective tissue
73
what do joint receptors do?
supply information to the CNS concerning joint angle, acceleration of the joint
74
the _____ cortex and _______ are the main centers employed in learning new motor skills
cerebral cortex and cerebellum
75
what information does the right cerebral hemisphere receive?
sensations from and controls from the left side of the body
76
what information does the left cerebral hemisphere receive?
sensations and movements from the right side of the body
77
def: located at the rear of the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex
primary motor cortex
78
where is the motor homunculus located?
in the primary motor cortex
79
def: long axons which carry impulses from the primary motor cortex where their cell bodies are located directly to lower motor neurons in spinal cord
corticospinal tract
80
what kind of movement does the corticspinal system mediate?
performance of fine, discrete, voluntary movements of hands and fingers
81
def: one of the three higher areas that command the primary motor cortex, located on the lateral surface of each cerebral hemisphere in front of the primary motor cortex
premotor cortex
82
what is the extrapyramidal tract used for?
route to send impulses from premotor area down to the lower motor neurons of the spinal cord
83
the pathways in the extrapyramidal tract are more concerned with.....
posture and coordination of large muscle groups
84
def: located behind the brainstem and under the occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres
cerebellum
85
where does the cerebellum receive signals from?
- from the cerebral cortex and sensory information from receptors in muscles, tendons, joints and skin
86
what is the function of the cerebellum?
major comparing, evaluating and integrating center for postural adjustments, locomotion, maintenance of equilibrium, perceptions of speed of body
87
what happens when there's damage to the cerebellum?
impaired motor control

BPK 142 - Lecture (14 decks)

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