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BPK 142 - Lecture > 10 - Neural Control of Movement > Flashcards

10 - Neural Control of Movement Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three general divisions of the brain?

A
  1. forebrain
  2. cerebellum
  3. brainstem
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2
Q

what is in the forebrain?

A
  • cerebrum

- diencephalon

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3
Q

what are the two divisions of the central nervous system?

A

the brain

the spinal cord

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4
Q

what are two components of the diencephalon?

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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5
Q

the brain stem is continuous with what four components?

A

the spinal cord, medulla, pons, midbrain

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6
Q

what are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A
  1. afferent division

2. efferent division

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7
Q

the peripheral nervous system consists of __ pairs of crainial nerves and __ pairs of spinal nerves

A

12 cranial nerves

31 spinal nerves

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8
Q

def: conveys information from the sensors in the periphery to the central nervous ststem

A

afferent division

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9
Q

def: consists of the somatic and autonomic nervous system

A

efferent division

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10
Q

def: nerve fibers innervate the skeletal muscle

A

somatic nervous system

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11
Q

def: nerve fibers innervate smooth muscle and cardiac muscle and glands

A

autonomic nervous system

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12
Q

what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system and their functions?

A

sympathetic division - fight or flight

parasympathetic division - rest and digest

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13
Q

def: comprise about 90% of the cells within the CNS and occupy about half the volume of the brain

A

neuroglia

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14
Q

def: a nerve cell, specialized to transmit electrical signals

A

neuron

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15
Q

def: also known as soma, contains the nucleus

A

cell body

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16
Q

def: a long fiber that conducts impulses away from the cell body,

A

axon

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17
Q

def: short projections from the cell body that transmit impulses toward the cell body

A

dendrite

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18
Q

what is the main purpose of the neuron?

A

to pass messages or impulses from one part of the body to another

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19
Q

def: discontinuous sheath around the axon primarily composed of lipids and proteins

A

myelin sheath

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20
Q

def: spaces between the segments of myelin sheath

A

nodes of ranvier

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21
Q

which nerve fibers have faster conduction velocities? myelinated or unmyelinated?

A

myelinated nerve fibers

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22
Q

def: the connection of an axon of one nerve to the cell body or dendrites of another nerve

A

synapse

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23
Q

what are the 3 classes of neurons?

A
  • afferent
  • efferent
  • interneurons
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24
Q

what kind of neurons carry impulses from the sensory receptors into spinal cord or brain?

A

afferent neurons

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25
Q

what kind of neurons transmit impulses from the CNS out to the effector organs, muscles and glands?

A

efferent neurons

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26
Q

what kind of neurons lie entirely within the CNS and account for 99% of all nerve cells

A

interneurons

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27
Q

def: an appropriate stimulus suddenly causes sodium ions to rush to the inside of the nerve which causes a reversal of polarity

A

action potential

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28
Q

what are the two types of transmitter substances?

A

excitatory or inhibitory

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29
Q

the impacts of different transmitter substances are _____ and the will _____

A

additive and sum

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30
Q

what is spatial summation?

A

when multiple inputs from different regions add together

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31
Q

what is temporal summation?

A

when the same input occurs over time fast enough to add up to cause an action potential

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32
Q

what is a neuromuscular junction?

A

nerve to muscle synapse

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33
Q

what chemical transmitter substance is involved in synapses?

A

acetylcholine

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34
Q

what are the two enlargements in the spinal cord?

A
  • the cervical enlargement

- the lumbosacral enlargement

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35
Q

what segments does the cervical enlargement extend from?

A

C4 to T1

36
Q

what segments does the lumbosacral enlargement extend from?

A

T11 to L1

37
Q

def: a network of converging and diverginf nerve fibers, or blood vessels

A

plexus

38
Q

what lies in the gray matter?

A

nerve cell bodies

39
Q

what constitutes the white matter?

A

interconnecting tracts of nerve fibers(axons)

40
Q

what’s the breakdown of the 31 spinal nerves?

A 
12 thoracic
8 cervical
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
41
Q

each spinal nerve has a _____ root and a ventral ____ connected to the spinal cord

A

dorsal root and ventral root

42
Q

what does the dorsal root contain?

A

afferent(sensory) fibers that carry information from the periphery to the central

43
Q

what does the ventral root contain?

A

efferent(motor) fibers to the skeletal muscle

44
Q

where are the cell bodies of motor axons that make up ventral roots located?

A

in the ventral gray horns of the spinal cord

45
Q

where are the cell bodies of the sensory axons that make up the dorsal roots located?

A

outside of the spinal cord in the spinal ganglia

46
Q

def: a collection of nerve cell bodies located outside of the CNS

A

ganglion

47
Q

def: transection of the spinal cord results in loss of all sensation and voluntary movement inferior to the point of damage

A

spinal cord injury

48
Q

if a patient is quadriplegic, where is their spinal cord transected?

A

superior to C5

49
Q

if a patient has a transection above C4, what could happen?

A

they may die of respiratory failure

50
Q

if a patient is paraplegic, where is their spinal cord transected?

A

below the cervical segment

51
Q

def: deficiency of blood supply to the spinal cord caused by fractions, dislocations, atherosclerosis

A

ischemia

52
Q

T or F: when the brain or spinal cord is damaged, in most cases the injured axons can recover

A

false

53
Q

def: conduct sensory information to the CNS from muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints

A

proprioceptors

54
Q

describe structure of muscle spindles

A
  • several modified muscle fibers
  • contained in capsule
  • sensory nerve spiraling around its center
55
Q

how do spindle fibers and regular fibers lie?

A

parallel to each other

56
Q

what kind of fibers are spindle fibers?

A

intrafusal

57
Q

what kind of fibers are regular fibers?

A

extrafusal

58
Q

what do muscle spindles do?

A

send information to the CNS regarding the degree of muscle stretch

59
Q

with increasing degrees of stretch of the muscle spindle, the frequency of impulse transmission up the afferent neuron to the spinal cord _________.

A

increases

60
Q

what are the 3 ways the muscle spindle can activate the alpha motor neurons to cause muscle contraction?

A
  1. tonic stretch
  2. phasic stretch
  3. gamma system
61
Q

tonic stretch concerns…?

A

the final length of the muscle fibers

62
Q

how does phasic stretch concern the spindles?

A

spindle responds to the velocity of the rate of length change

63
Q

what do gamma efferent fibers do?

A

innervate the contractile ends of the intrafusal fibers

64
Q

what two motor neurons coactivate eachother?

A

alpha motor neurons and gamma motor neurons

65
Q

gamma system provides the mechanism for maintaining what?

A

the spindle at peak operation at all muscle lengths

66
Q

what does the density of muscle spindles depend on?

A

the degree of control required by a given spindle

67
Q

where are golgi tendon organs located?

A
  • near the junction of the muscle and tendon
68
Q

how are golgi tendon organs arranged with the muscle fibers?

A

they are in series

69
Q

when a muscle contracts, the GTO is ______

A

stretched

70
Q

the firing rate of the GTO is very _____ to changes in the tension of the muscle

A

sensitive

71
Q

sensory input from GTO about the tension produced by muscles is useful for actions like…

A

maintaining a steady grip on an object

72
Q

what happens when GTO’s are stimulated by excessive tension or stretch?

A

send sensory information to the CNS, causes the contracted muscle to relax which protects the muscle and its connective tissue

73
Q

what do joint receptors do?

A

supply information to the CNS concerning joint angle, acceleration of the joint

74
Q

the _____ cortex and _______ are the main centers employed in learning new motor skills

A

cerebral cortex and cerebellum

75
Q

what information does the right cerebral hemisphere receive?

A

sensations from and controls from the left side of the body

76
Q

what information does the left cerebral hemisphere receive?

A

sensations and movements from the right side of the body

77
Q

def: located at the rear of the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex

A

primary motor cortex

78
Q

where is the motor homunculus located?

A

in the primary motor cortex

79
Q

def: long axons which carry impulses from the primary motor cortex where their cell bodies are located directly to lower motor neurons in spinal cord

A

corticospinal tract

80
Q

what kind of movement does the corticspinal system mediate?

A

performance of fine, discrete, voluntary movements of hands and fingers

81
Q

def: one of the three higher areas that command the primary motor cortex, located on the lateral surface of each cerebral hemisphere in front of the primary motor cortex

A

premotor cortex

82
Q

what is the extrapyramidal tract used for?

A

route to send impulses from premotor area down to the lower motor neurons of the spinal cord

83
Q

the pathways in the extrapyramidal tract are more concerned with…..

A

posture and coordination of large muscle groups

84
Q

def: located behind the brainstem and under the occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres

A

cerebellum

85
Q

where does the cerebellum receive signals from?

A
  • from the cerebral cortex and sensory information from receptors in muscles, tendons, joints and skin
86
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A

major comparing, evaluating and integrating center for postural adjustments, locomotion, maintenance of equilibrium, perceptions of speed of body

87
Q

what happens when there’s damage to the cerebellum?

A

impaired motor control

BPK 142 - Lecture (14 decks)

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