2 - Body Composition Flashcards
def: relative proportion of different components that make up the human body. there are many models that represent this concept
body composition
what are 4 examples of body composition models?
- tissue model
- structural model
- two component model
- chemical model
what is in the tissue model?
four main tissue types
what are the 4 main tissue types in the human body?
- epithelial
- muscle
- nervous
- connective
where can nervous tissue be found?
brain, spinal cord, nerves
where can epithelial tissue be found?
skin, linings of GI and other hollow organs
what are the types of muscle tissue?
cardiac, skeletal, smooth
where can connective tissues be found?
fat, bone, tendon cartilage
what is in the structural model?
bone, fat and muscle are the main components. the proportions of these vary with gender, genetics, age and lifestyle
what is in the two component model?
the amount of fat and fat free mass of which the body is composed.
what is fat free mass composed of?
bone, muscle, vital organs and connective tissue
what is the chemical model made up of?
fat protein carbs mineral water
def: quantitative measurement of body size and proportions, for purposes of understanding human physical variation and body composition.
anthropometry
what are some anthropometric methods?
skinfold thicknesses body widths circumferences height body weight
what are 6 reasons to assess body composition?
- determine optimal body composition for performance in sports
- develop sound weight reduction programs
- determine bone mineral content in women and children
- monitor changes in body composition associated with disease
- track goals for weight management and strength training
- determine body composition related health risk
what are 4 examples of eating disorders?
- anorexia nervosa
- bulimia nervosa
- binge eating disorder
- female athlete triad
def: fat that is required for normal physiological functioning, structural components of cell membranes, required for the synthesis of certain hormones, transport of fat soluble vitamins
essential fat
def: fat that is stored in adipose tissue for energy supply purposes, located underneath the skin, in the abdominal cavity and around certain organs
storage fat
how do males differ from females in terms of body comp.? (on average)
males are taller, heavier and have larger muscle mass and lower total body fat content
how much storage fat does a 20-24 year old female have?
15%
how much storage fat does a 20-24 year old male have?
12%
how much essential fat does a 20-24 year old female have?
12%
how much essential fat does a 20-24 year old male have?
3%
where do females have more essential fat?
in breasts, pelvic and thigh regions
what functions does the essential fat in females serve?
childbearing and hormone related functions
what is the name of male type obesity?
android
what is the name of female type obesity?
gynoid
describe male type obesity
excess fat on the upper torso around the abdomen,
describe female type obesity
excess fat below the waist in the thighs, hips, and buttocks
after ______, females begin depositing more fat in the abdominal region
menopause
T or F: male type obesity is associated with higher health risks
true
what are 6 causes of the obesity epidemic?
- too much food too little activity
- decreases physical activity
- increases consumption of calories
- social environment (advertising, pressure to consume)
- genetics
- role of viruses?
what are some bodily changes associated with aging?
- increased fat mass
- decreased muscle mass (sarcopenia)
- decreased bone mass
how can aging body changes be slowed?
- regular exercise
- proper dietary habits
what is skeletal fragility in elderly women related to?
the failure to obtain optimal level on bone mass during childhood
what are the two technique types for assessing body composition?
direct methods and indirect methods
what are 3 criticisms of height-weight tables?
- these tables do not consider body composition
- most of data comes from white, middle class, U.S. adults
- no accepted method has been devised for determining frame size
how is body volume measured?
underwater weighing
what are two assumptions made when using body fat equations?
- the body has two compartments - fat and non fat
- each of these compartments has densities as CONSTANTS
_____ weighing has been used as a universal method for validating skin fold caliper formulae and all other methods
hydrostatic
what is a problem with using density as a measure for body composition?
the density of the nonfat compartment varies as a function of age, sex, and racial group
what conclusion can we make about densitometry?
it should not be used as universal criterion for prediction of percent fat.
what is the numerical value of a BMI considered to be obese?
30 or over
if adipose tissue is not simply a passive storehouse for fat, how else can it be explained?
an endocrine organ that secretes more than a dozen peptide and non peptide compounds that trigger changes throughout the body
when fat cells expand they release more of some of these compounds and less of others?
leptin
adiponectin
inflammatory proteins
what is one criticism of BMI?
it does not differentiate body composition
what may be a better predictor of obesity than BMI?
waist to hip ratio or waist circumference
_______ has been shown to be a simple and inexpensive, yet effective way to assess for central obesity, with excellent correlation with CT and MRI, and high association with CVD risk and mortality
waist circumference
what is the rationale in using skinfold measurements for body composition analysis?
a relationship exists between the fat located in the depots directly beneath the skin and internal body fat and body densityt
_______ has been shown to be a simple and inexpensive, yet effective way to assess for central obesity, with excellent correlation with CT and MRI, and high association with CVD risk and mortality
waist circumference
what is the rationale in using skinfold measurements for body composition analysis?
a relationship exists between the fat located in the depots directly beneath the skin and internal body fat and body density
what are the two ways to use skinfolds?
- use the sum of a number of skin folds as an indication of relative fatness among individual, also compare before and after
- use skin folds in conjunction with equations or tables to predict percent body fat
what are some assumptions in using skin-fold measurements?
- constant densities in a two compartment model
- proper identification of measurement site and proper measurement technique
- constant compressibility of the skin fold
- fixed adipose tissue patterning
- fixed proportion of internal to external fat
what are the two types of body composition prediction equations?
- population specific equations
2. generalized equations
what’s an example of a population specific equation?
yuhasz
what’s an example of a generalized equation?
jackson & pollock
why is there age-adjusted percent fat prediction equations?
proportionately more fat deposits internally rather than subcutaneously
what is the percent error in percent fat from skinfold measurements?
3-4%
what does the CSEP-PATH body composition assessment use to calculate body comp?
- BMI
- waist circumference
electrical impedance units are used to measure the _________ of the body
electrical resistance
T or F: impedance is greater in adipose tissue
true
what things need to be standardized before bioelectrical impedance?
- fluctuations in water content from exercise, dehydration, eating & drinking
what are 3 other ways to asses body comp? (gold standards)
CT
MRI
DEXA
