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BPK 142 - Lecture > 7 - Respiratory System & Structure > Flashcards

7 - Respiratory System & Structure Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main structures of the respiratory system?

A

the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

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2
Q

what is the branching order starting at the trachea?

A

trachea -> bronchi -> terminal and respiratory bronchioles -> alveolar ducts -> alveoli

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3
Q

with branching, supportive cartilage is gradually replaced by _____ ______.

A

smooth muscle

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4
Q

are conducting airways involved in gas exchange?

A

no

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5
Q

def: the total volume of the conducting airways from the nose or mouth down to the level of the terminal bronchioles

A

anatomic dead space

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6
Q

what is the average volume of anatomic dead space?

A

150 mL

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7
Q

def: structure that contains airways, alveoli, blood vessels, elastic tissue

A

lungs

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8
Q

def: small thin walled sacs that have capillary beds in their walls; site of gas molecule exchange between air and blood, there are millions of these

A

alveoli

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9
Q

def: alveolar capillary membranes that separate the air molecules in the alveoli from the blood in the capillaries -

A

respiratory membrane

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10
Q

what is the name of movement of air into and out of the lungs

A

pulmonary ventilation

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11
Q

def: the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume

A

Boyle’s law

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12
Q

def: the amount of volume change in the lung for a given change in alveolar pressure

A

compliance

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13
Q

def: active process where diaphragm descends and external intercostal muscles contract thus increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity

A

inspiration

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14
Q

def: passive process at rest, secondary muscles such as abdominal muscles become involved in exercise

A

expiration

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15
Q

forced expiration can produce intra-alveolar pressure as great as ____ mm Hg above atmospheric pressure

A

50 mm Hg

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16
Q

during exercise, which kind of breathing is prominent

A

mouth breathing instead of nasal breathing

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17
Q

why do we switch to mouth breathing during exercise?

A

less resistance to airflow

18
Q

what happens to air that enters the respiratory passages?

A

it is warmed to body temperature (37 degrees C) and saturated with water vapour

19
Q

def: greatest volume of gas that can be expelled by voluntary effort after maximal inspiration

A

vital capacity

20
Q

def: maximal volume of gas that can be inspired from the resting end-expiratory position

A

inspiratory capacity

21
Q

def: maximal volume that can be exhaled from the resting end-expiratory position

A

expiratory reserve volume

22
Q

def: volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of a quiet exhalation; it is composed of the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume

A

functional residual capacity

23
Q

def: volume of gas remaining in the lungs after forced expiration

A

residual volume

24
Q

def: volume of gas in the lungs at the time maximal inspiration; it is composed of the sum of vital capacity and the residual volume

A

total lung capacity

25
Q

def: volume of gas inspired or expired with each breath at rest or during any stated activity

A

tidal volume

26
Q

def: volume of gas either inspired or expired per minute at rest or during any stated activity

A

minute ventilation

27
Q

what is the formula for minute ventilation?

A

tidal volume X the number of breaths per minute

28
Q

def: maximum volume of air which may be breathed during maximum effort

A

maximum breathing capacity

29
Q

def: volume of air expired during the first 1.0 seconds of a forced vital capacity maneuver

A

forced expiratory volume in one second

30
Q

def: number of breaths per minute

A

breathing frequency

31
Q

def: the volume of air that reaches the alveoli per minute

A

alveolar ventilation

32
Q

why do most volumes and capacities decrease when a person lies down and increase when standing?

A
  1. abdominal contents push up against diaphragm
  2. there is an increase in intrapulmonary blood volume in the horizontal position which decreases the space available for pulmonary air
33
Q

what are pulmonary test norms based off of?

A
  • sex
  • age
  • height
34
Q

what are the problems with pulmonary function norms?

A
  • don’t consider the size of the subject, particularly the chest size
  • would be better to use sitting height rather than standing height
35
Q

during exercise, minute ventilation increases linearly with increasing exercise intensity and oxygen uptake about _____% of VO2 max in untrained subjects

A

50-60 %

36
Q

def: the point at which the minute ventilation increases disproportionately with oxygen consumption during graded exercise

A

ventilatory threshold

37
Q

what are the two categories of chronic pulmonary dysfunctions?

A
  • obstructive disorders

- restrictive disorders

38
Q

def: blockage or narrowing of the airways causing increased airway resistance

A

obstructive disorders

39
Q

what are some examples of obstructive disorders?

A
  • asthma
  • bronchitis
  • emphysema
40
Q

what can bronchiolar obstruction be a result from?

A
  • inflammation
  • edema
  • smooth muscle constriction
  • bronchiolar secretion
41
Q

def: no problem with the airways but there is damage to the lung tissue - loss of elasticity and compliance - limited expansion of the lung

A

restrictive disorders

42
Q

what happens to the lung volumes of an individual with a restrictive disorder

A

all their lung tissue is stiff therefore their lung volumes are all reduced

BPK 142 - Lecture (14 decks)

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