7 - Respiratory System & Structure

Question 1

what are the main structures of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Question 2

what is the branching order starting at the trachea?

Answer 2

trachea -> bronchi -> terminal and respiratory bronchioles -> alveolar ducts -> alveoli

Question 3

with branching, supportive cartilage is gradually replaced by _____ ______.

Answer 3

smooth muscle

Question 4

are conducting airways involved in gas exchange?

Answer 4

no

Question 5

def: the total volume of the conducting airways from the nose or mouth down to the level of the terminal bronchioles

Answer 5

anatomic dead space

Question 6

what is the average volume of anatomic dead space?

Answer 6

150 mL

Question 7

def: structure that contains airways, alveoli, blood vessels, elastic tissue

Answer 7

lungs

Question 8

def: small thin walled sacs that have capillary beds in their walls; site of gas molecule exchange between air and blood, there are millions of these

Answer 8

alveoli

Question 9

def: alveolar capillary membranes that separate the air molecules in the alveoli from the blood in the capillaries -

Answer 9

respiratory membrane

Question 10

what is the name of movement of air into and out of the lungs

Answer 10

pulmonary ventilation

Question 11

def: the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume

Answer 11

Boyle’s law

Question 12

def: the amount of volume change in the lung for a given change in alveolar pressure

Answer 12

compliance

Question 13

def: active process where diaphragm descends and external intercostal muscles contract thus increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity

Answer 13

inspiration

Question 14

def: passive process at rest, secondary muscles such as abdominal muscles become involved in exercise

Answer 14

expiration

Question 15

forced expiration can produce intra-alveolar pressure as great as ____ mm Hg above atmospheric pressure

Answer 15

50 mm Hg

Question 16

during exercise, which kind of breathing is prominent

Answer 16

mouth breathing instead of nasal breathing

Question 17

why do we switch to mouth breathing during exercise?

Answer 17

less resistance to airflow

Question 18

what happens to air that enters the respiratory passages?

Answer 18

it is warmed to body temperature (37 degrees C) and saturated with water vapour

Question 19

def: greatest volume of gas that can be expelled by voluntary effort after maximal inspiration

Answer 19

vital capacity

Question 20

def: maximal volume of gas that can be inspired from the resting end-expiratory position

Answer 20

inspiratory capacity

Question 21

def: maximal volume that can be exhaled from the resting end-expiratory position

Answer 21

expiratory reserve volume

Question 22

def: volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of a quiet exhalation; it is composed of the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume

Answer 22

functional residual capacity

Question 23

def: volume of gas remaining in the lungs after forced expiration

Answer 23

residual volume

Question 24

def: volume of gas in the lungs at the time maximal inspiration; it is composed of the sum of vital capacity and the residual volume

Answer 24

total lung capacity

Question 25

def: volume of gas inspired or expired with each breath at rest or during any stated activity

Answer 25

tidal volume

Question 26

def: volume of gas either inspired or expired per minute at rest or during any stated activity

Answer 26

minute ventilation

Question 27

what is the formula for minute ventilation?

Answer 27

tidal volume X the number of breaths per minute

Question 28

def: maximum volume of air which may be breathed during maximum effort

Answer 28

maximum breathing capacity

Question 29

def: volume of air expired during the first 1.0 seconds of a forced vital capacity maneuver

Answer 29

forced expiratory volume in one second

Question 30

def: number of breaths per minute

Answer 30

breathing frequency

Question 31

def: the volume of air that reaches the alveoli per minute

Answer 31

alveolar ventilation

Question 32

why do most volumes and capacities decrease when a person lies down and increase when standing?

Answer 32

1. abdominal contents push up against diaphragm 2. there is an increase in intrapulmonary blood volume in the horizontal position which decreases the space available for pulmonary air

Question 33

what are pulmonary test norms based off of?

Answer 33

- sex - age - height

Question 34

what are the problems with pulmonary function norms?

Answer 34

- don't consider the size of the subject, particularly the chest size - would be better to use sitting height rather than standing height

Question 35

during exercise, minute ventilation increases linearly with increasing exercise intensity and oxygen uptake about _____% of VO2 max in untrained subjects

Answer 35

50-60 %

Question 36

def: the point at which the minute ventilation increases disproportionately with oxygen consumption during graded exercise

Answer 36

ventilatory threshold

Question 37

what are the two categories of chronic pulmonary dysfunctions?

Answer 37

- obstructive disorders | - restrictive disorders

Question 38

def: blockage or narrowing of the airways causing increased airway resistance

Answer 38

obstructive disorders

Question 39

what are some examples of obstructive disorders?

Answer 39

- asthma - bronchitis - emphysema

Question 40

what can bronchiolar obstruction be a result from?

Answer 40

- inflammation - edema - smooth muscle constriction - bronchiolar secretion

Question 41

def: no problem with the airways but there is damage to the lung tissue - loss of elasticity and compliance - limited expansion of the lung

Answer 41

restrictive disorders

Question 42

what happens to the lung volumes of an individual with a restrictive disorder

Answer 42

all their lung tissue is stiff therefore their lung volumes are all reduced