1 - Osteology Flashcards
what are the 4 main functions of the skeleton?
- support
- protection
- mineral storage - calcium and phosphorus
- blood cell formation - rbc’s, wbc’s and platelets
- body movement
end of a long bone, largely cancellous bone covered with articular cartilage
epiphysis
shaft of a long bone consisting of compact bone and a central cavity (medullary cavity or marrow)
diaphysis
smooth and slippery region of epiphyses where bones of a synovial joint make physical contact at cartilaginous ends
articular cartilage
fibrous sheath covering bone that does not cover the articular cartilage
periosteum
consists of masses of developing red/white blood cells supported by an array of fine fibers, it is found in the epiphysis
cancellous(spongy) bone(red marrow)
ivory-like bone found in the diaphysis, nutrient blood reaches bone cells by a system if Haversian canals
compact bone
found in the diaphysis. after childhood, blood cell production largely ceases in the marrow of the diaphysis and the cavity contains fat
medullary cavity (yellow marrow)
what are the 5 classifications of bones?
- long bones
- short bones
- irregular bones
- sesamoid bones
- flat bones
any marked bony prominence
process
a prominent, rounded, articulating proximal end of a bone
head
constricted area between head and body
neck
a flattened or shallow surface
fossa
flat surface (vertebrae)
facet
a large roughened process
tuberosity
a small rounded process
tubercle
rounded articular prominence
condyle
a projection above a condyle
epicondyle
a hole (passage of nerves and blood vessels)
foramen
a massive process found only on the femur
trochanter
what are the major building blocks of bone?
- calcium carbonate
- calcium phosphate
- collagen fibers
- water
_____ is a protein that is the main organic constituent of connective tissue
collagen
what are bone cells called?
osteocytes
what is the matrix around osteocytes composed of?
25% water
25% protein
50% mineral salts
where does longitudinal growth of a bone occur?
at the epiphyseal plate
what is the epiphyseal plate?
a layer of cartilage where longitudinal bone growth occurs
how does the epiphyseal plate work in terms of growing bones?
the proliferating cartilage cells are gradually replaced by bone
how do bones of active individuals differ from those of sedentary lifestyles?
active people have denser bones with more minerals while sedentary people have weaker, less dense
how many vertebrae in the vertebral column?
33
how many segments in the vertebral column?
5
what are the 5 segments of the vertebral column?
- cervical
- thoracic
- lumbar
- sacral
- coccygeal
how does the vertebrae articulate with one another?
using facets on the processes of the neural arches (synovial joint) and by intervertebral discs between the vertebral bodies which are cartilaginous
what’s a way to describe the role of intervertebral discs?
they are shock absorbers and allow slight movement so the vertebral column is flexible but resilient
what are the 3 types of abnormal curves in the spine?
- lordosis
- scoliosis
- kyphosis
def: an exaggerated posterior thoracic curve
kyphosis
def: an exaggerated anterior lumbar curve
lordosis
def: an abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column
scoliosis
what are the three types of joints?
- fibrous joint
- cartilaginous joint
- synovial joint
which joint is immoveable?
fibrous joint
which joint is slightly moveable?
cartilaginous joint
which joint is freely moveable?
synovial joint
what are the two functions of synovial fluid?
a) lubricate the joint surfaces as they slide over each other during joint movement to reduce friction
b) supplies nutrients to and removes waste products from the cartilage cells which have no direct blood supply
def: fibrous connective tissue that connects bones together
ligament
def: fibrous connective tissue that joins muscle to bone
tendon
def: a small sac or cavity filled with synovial fluid and located at friction points, especially joints. most are located between tendons and bones
bursa
what are the three reference planes of the body?
- sagittal
- frontal
- transverse
