1 - Osteology

Question 1

what are the 4 main functions of the skeleton?

Answer 1

1. support
2. protection
3. mineral storage - calcium and phosphorus
4. blood cell formation - rbc’s, wbc’s and platelets
5. body movement

Question 2

end of a long bone, largely cancellous bone covered with articular cartilage

Answer 2

epiphysis

Question 3

shaft of a long bone consisting of compact bone and a central cavity (medullary cavity or marrow)

Answer 3

diaphysis

Question 4

smooth and slippery region of epiphyses where bones of a synovial joint make physical contact at cartilaginous ends

Answer 4

articular cartilage

Question 5

fibrous sheath covering bone that does not cover the articular cartilage

Answer 5

periosteum

Question 6

consists of masses of developing red/white blood cells supported by an array of fine fibers, it is found in the epiphysis

Answer 6

cancellous(spongy) bone(red marrow)

Question 7

ivory-like bone found in the diaphysis, nutrient blood reaches bone cells by a system if Haversian canals

Answer 7

compact bone

Question 8

found in the diaphysis. after childhood, blood cell production largely ceases in the marrow of the diaphysis and the cavity contains fat

Answer 8

medullary cavity (yellow marrow)

Question 9

what are the 5 classifications of bones?

Answer 9

1. long bones
2. short bones
3. irregular bones
4. sesamoid bones
5. flat bones

Question 10

any marked bony prominence

Answer 10

process

Question 11

a prominent, rounded, articulating proximal end of a bone

Answer 11

head

Question 12

constricted area between head and body

Answer 12

neck

Question 13

a flattened or shallow surface

Answer 13

fossa

Question 14

flat surface (vertebrae)

Answer 14

facet

Question 15

a large roughened process

Answer 15

tuberosity

Question 16

a small rounded process

Answer 16

tubercle

Question 17

rounded articular prominence

Answer 17

condyle

Question 18

a projection above a condyle

Answer 18

epicondyle

Question 19

a hole (passage of nerves and blood vessels)

Answer 19

foramen

Question 20

a massive process found only on the femur

Answer 20

trochanter

Question 21

what are the major building blocks of bone?

Answer 21

• calcium carbonate
• calcium phosphate
• collagen fibers
• water

Question 22

_____ is a protein that is the main organic constituent of connective tissue

Answer 22

collagen

Question 23

what are bone cells called?

Answer 23

osteocytes

Question 24

what is the matrix around osteocytes composed of?

Answer 24

25% water
25% protein
50% mineral salts

Question 25

where does longitudinal growth of a bone occur?

Answer 25

at the epiphyseal plate

Question 26

what is the epiphyseal plate?

Answer 26

a layer of cartilage where longitudinal bone growth occurs

Question 27

how does the epiphyseal plate work in terms of growing bones?

Answer 27

the proliferating cartilage cells are gradually replaced by bone

Question 28

how do bones of active individuals differ from those of sedentary lifestyles?

Answer 28

active people have denser bones with more minerals while sedentary people have weaker, less dense

Question 29

how many vertebrae in the vertebral column?

Answer 29

33

Question 30

how many segments in the vertebral column?

Answer 30

5

Question 31

what are the 5 segments of the vertebral column?

Answer 31

1. cervical 2. thoracic 3. lumbar 4. sacral 5. coccygeal

Question 32

how does the vertebrae articulate with one another?

Answer 32

using facets on the processes of the neural arches (synovial joint) and by intervertebral discs between the vertebral bodies which are cartilaginous

Question 33

what's a way to describe the role of intervertebral discs?

Answer 33

they are shock absorbers and allow slight movement so the vertebral column is flexible but resilient

Question 34

what are the 3 types of abnormal curves in the spine?

Answer 34

1. lordosis 2. scoliosis 3. kyphosis

Question 35

def: an exaggerated posterior thoracic curve

Answer 35

kyphosis

Question 36

def: an exaggerated anterior lumbar curve

Answer 36

lordosis

Question 37

def: an abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column

Answer 37

scoliosis

Question 38

what are the three types of joints?

Answer 38

1. fibrous joint 2. cartilaginous joint 3. synovial joint

Question 39

which joint is immoveable?

Answer 39

fibrous joint

Question 40

which joint is slightly moveable?

Answer 40

cartilaginous joint

Question 41

which joint is freely moveable?

Answer 41

synovial joint

Question 42

what are the two functions of synovial fluid?

Answer 42

a) lubricate the joint surfaces as they slide over each other during joint movement to reduce friction b) supplies nutrients to and removes waste products from the cartilage cells which have no direct blood supply

Question 43

def: fibrous connective tissue that connects bones together

Answer 43

ligament

Question 44

def: fibrous connective tissue that joins muscle to bone

Answer 44

tendon

Question 45

def: a small sac or cavity filled with synovial fluid and located at friction points, especially joints. most are located between tendons and bones

Answer 45

bursa

Question 46

what are the three reference planes of the body?

Answer 46

- sagittal - frontal - transverse