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BPK 142 - Lecture > 1 - Osteology > Flashcards

1 - Osteology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 main functions of the skeleton?

A
  1. support
  2. protection
  3. mineral storage - calcium and phosphorus
  4. blood cell formation - rbc’s, wbc’s and platelets
  5. body movement
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2
Q

end of a long bone, largely cancellous bone covered with articular cartilage

A

epiphysis

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3
Q

shaft of a long bone consisting of compact bone and a central cavity (medullary cavity or marrow)

A

diaphysis

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4
Q

smooth and slippery region of epiphyses where bones of a synovial joint make physical contact at cartilaginous ends

A

articular cartilage

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5
Q

fibrous sheath covering bone that does not cover the articular cartilage

A

periosteum

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6
Q

consists of masses of developing red/white blood cells supported by an array of fine fibers, it is found in the epiphysis

A

cancellous(spongy) bone(red marrow)

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7
Q

ivory-like bone found in the diaphysis, nutrient blood reaches bone cells by a system if Haversian canals

A

compact bone

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8
Q

found in the diaphysis. after childhood, blood cell production largely ceases in the marrow of the diaphysis and the cavity contains fat

A

medullary cavity (yellow marrow)

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9
Q

what are the 5 classifications of bones?

A
  1. long bones
  2. short bones
  3. irregular bones
  4. sesamoid bones
  5. flat bones
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10
Q

any marked bony prominence

A

process

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11
Q

a prominent, rounded, articulating proximal end of a bone

A

head

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12
Q

constricted area between head and body

A

neck

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13
Q

a flattened or shallow surface

A

fossa

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14
Q

flat surface (vertebrae)

A

facet

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15
Q

a large roughened process

A

tuberosity

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16
Q

a small rounded process

A

tubercle

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17
Q

rounded articular prominence

A

condyle

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18
Q

a projection above a condyle

A

epicondyle

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19
Q

a hole (passage of nerves and blood vessels)

A

foramen

20
Q

a massive process found only on the femur

A

trochanter

21
Q

what are the major building blocks of bone?

A
  • calcium carbonate
  • calcium phosphate
  • collagen fibers
  • water
22
Q

_____ is a protein that is the main organic constituent of connective tissue

A

collagen

23
Q

what are bone cells called?

A

osteocytes

24
Q

what is the matrix around osteocytes composed of?

A

25% water
25% protein
50% mineral salts

25
Q

where does longitudinal growth of a bone occur?

A

at the epiphyseal plate

26
Q

what is the epiphyseal plate?

A

a layer of cartilage where longitudinal bone growth occurs

27
Q

how does the epiphyseal plate work in terms of growing bones?

A

the proliferating cartilage cells are gradually replaced by bone

28
Q

how do bones of active individuals differ from those of sedentary lifestyles?

A

active people have denser bones with more minerals while sedentary people have weaker, less dense

29
Q

how many vertebrae in the vertebral column?

A

33

30
Q

how many segments in the vertebral column?

A

5

31
Q

what are the 5 segments of the vertebral column?

A
  1. cervical
  2. thoracic
  3. lumbar
  4. sacral
  5. coccygeal
32
Q

how does the vertebrae articulate with one another?

A

using facets on the processes of the neural arches (synovial joint) and by intervertebral discs between the vertebral bodies which are cartilaginous

33
Q

what’s a way to describe the role of intervertebral discs?

A

they are shock absorbers and allow slight movement so the vertebral column is flexible but resilient

34
Q

what are the 3 types of abnormal curves in the spine?

A
  1. lordosis
  2. scoliosis
  3. kyphosis
35
Q

def: an exaggerated posterior thoracic curve

A

kyphosis

36
Q

def: an exaggerated anterior lumbar curve

A

lordosis

37
Q

def: an abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column

A

scoliosis

38
Q

what are the three types of joints?

A
  1. fibrous joint
  2. cartilaginous joint
  3. synovial joint
39
Q

which joint is immoveable?

A

fibrous joint

40
Q

which joint is slightly moveable?

A

cartilaginous joint

41
Q

which joint is freely moveable?

A

synovial joint

42
Q

what are the two functions of synovial fluid?

A

a) lubricate the joint surfaces as they slide over each other during joint movement to reduce friction
b) supplies nutrients to and removes waste products from the cartilage cells which have no direct blood supply

43
Q

def: fibrous connective tissue that connects bones together

A

ligament

44
Q

def: fibrous connective tissue that joins muscle to bone

A

tendon

45
Q

def: a small sac or cavity filled with synovial fluid and located at friction points, especially joints. most are located between tendons and bones

A

bursa

46
Q

what are the three reference planes of the body?

A
  • sagittal
  • frontal
  • transverse

BPK 142 - Lecture (14 decks)

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