8- carbohydrate metabolism

Question 1

what is metabolism?

Answer 1

Metabolism is the total sum of all biochemical reactions that maintain the living state of the cells within an organism

Question 2

what is catabolism?

Answer 2

the breaking down of molecules into smaller molecules and energy

Question 3

what is anabolism?

Answer 3

the building up of larger molecules from smaller molecules (requires energy)

Question 4

what is a metabolic pathway?

Answer 4

A metabolic pathway is used to convert a starting material into an end product​. They involve a series of consecutive biochemical reactions.
(linear or cyclic)

Question 5

what are bioenergetic pathways?

Answer 5

The energy required to run the human body is obtained from ingested foods​.

Question 6

what are the 4 stages involved in biochemical energy production?

Answer 6

Stage 1: Digestion​

Stage 2: Acetyl group formation​

Stage 3: Citric acid cycle​

Stage 4: Electron transport chain ​and oxidative phosphorylation​

Question 7

describe digestion

Answer 7

Digestion is the hydrolysis of food molecules into simpler chemical units that can be used by cells for their metabolic needs.

The digestion of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins begins in the mouth, continues in the stomach​ and is completed in the small intestine​s.

Question 8

end products produced by digestion?

Answer 8

Glucose and other monosaccharides from carbohydrates​​

Amino acids from proteins​

Fatty acids and glycerol from fats and oils

Question 9

describe acetyl group formation

Answer 9

The Acetyl group formation stage involves many reactions,​ some of which occur in the cytosol and others in the mitochondria​.

The small molecules from digestion like glucose and fatty acids are oxidised to produce the acetyl group​

The acetyl group then attaches to CoA​ (derived from the vitamin pantothenic acid​) to form Acetyl CoA​, which is a central metabolite produced in carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism​. Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle​.