1- The study of matter

Question 1

What is matter?

Answer 1

Anything that has a mass and occupies space.

Question 2

Name 3 states of matter.

Answer 2

Solid -definite shape and volume
Liquid- indefinite shape, definite volume
Gas- indefinite shape and volume

Question 3

What is an atom (smallest characteristic particle) made up of?

Answer 3

Protons, neutrons, electrons (subatomic particles)

An atom is energetically neutral

Question 4

3 parts of an atom

Answer 4

Nucleus, electrons orbiting nucleus, valence shell

Question 5

What is a molecule?

Answer 5

Two or more atoms joined together with a chemical bond in a specific ratio

Question 6

What is an element?

Answer 6

Pure substances that can’t be separated into smaller parts by lab methods (118 in periodic table)

Question 7

What is a compound?

Answer 7

Molecules containing two or more types of atoms

Question 8

Periodic table..
Periods are..?
A and B groups are..?

Answer 8

Periods are horizontal rows
A groups are representative elements
B groups are transition elements

Question 9

About atoms

Answer 9

In a state of constant movement

Cannot be created nor destroyed in chemical reactions; only rearranged (thus as is with energy and matter)

Question 10

A proton has..

Answer 10

one positive charge (p+)
1 amu (atomic mass unit)

Question 11

A neutron has..

Answer 11

no charge making it neutral; it does not repel or attract (n0)
1 amu​

Question 12

An electron has…

Answer 12

one negative charge (e-) ​
0.0005 amu ​– an insignificant mass
Orbits around the nucleus​

Question 13

1 atomic mass unit (amu) is defined as…

Answer 13

1/12th of the mass of the carbon-12 atom which contains 6 protons and 6 neutrons.

Question 14

The atomic number is..

Answer 14

the number of protons in the nucleus

Question 15

The atomic mass number is…

Answer 15

the number of subatomic particles in the nucleus (protons and neutrons)

Question 16

Electron shells are..

Answer 16

Electrons with similar energies, grouped in an energy level

max of 7 in an atom

Question 17

Electron shells close to the nucleus have a higher of lower energy than shells further away?

Answer 17

Lower

Question 18

Chemical bonds are a result of what interaction?

Answer 18

interactions between valence electrons (electrons in the outer shell of the atom) of the participating atoms​

Question 19

What is Valency?

Answer 19

the bonding power of an atom

Question 20

What is the octet rule?

Which elements does is apply to?

Answer 20

The Octet rule outlines that atoms of elements tend to react together in order to achieve​ a stable outer shell of 8 valence electrons.
It’s a common rule for Representative Elements (not transitional)

Question 21

Metals and non-metals - lose or gain electrons to satisfy the octet rule?

Answer 21

Metals lose valence electrons in order to have 8 electrons in their outer shell​ (form ionic compounds)
Non-metals gain electrons (form ionic compounds) in order to have 8 electrons in their outer shell​ OR share electrons ..(form covalent compounds)

Question 22

What is an ion?

Answer 22

An ion is an atom (or group of atoms) that is electrically charged as a result of the loss or gain of electrons

Question 23

What happens if an atom gains an electron?

Or loses an electron?

Answer 23

It becomes more negatively charged (with gain)
It is no longer an atom
Loses an electron = more positively charged

Question 24

What is a cation?

Answer 24

A cation is a positively charged ion

Question 25

Transition elements can form more than one type of cation​ because the Octet Rule does not apply to them. True or false?

Answer 25

True

Question 26

What is an anion?

Answer 26

An anion is a negatively charged ion

Question 27

What are Polyatomic Ions?

Answer 27

Polyatomic ions are ions composed of more than one atom and together they carry an overall charge​.

Question 28

What is an ionic bond?

Answer 28

An ionic bond is the force of attraction between oppositely charged particles and is formed between atoms of dissimilar elements (metals and nonmetals). Form ionic compounds (always neutral)

Question 29

``` Write these formulas: Iron (II) chloride Iron (II) chloride Sodium nitride Copper (II) bromide ```

Answer 29

Iron (II) chloride = FeCl2 Iron (II) chloride = FeCl3 Sodium nitride = Na3N Copper (II) bromide = CuBr2

Question 30

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 30

A covalent bond is when two non-metal atoms share their unpaired valence electrons to fill their valence shells and become stable​.

Question 31

Differences Between Ionic and Covalent Bonding

Answer 31

Ionic bonds form between a metal and nonmetal. Covalent bonds usually form between nonmetals.​ Ionic bonds involve electron transfer. Covalent bonds involve electron sharing.​ Ionic compounds do not contain discrete molecules. Covalent compounds have a molecule as its basic structural unit.​ All ionic compounds are solids at room temperature. Covalent compounds are varied.​ Soluble ionic solids form aqueous solutions that conduct electricity. Soluble covalent compounds usually produce a non-conducting aqueous solution.

Question 32

What is a non-polar covalent bond?

Answer 32

A non-polar covalent bond is when the atoms that participate in the covalent bond share electrons equally.

Question 33

What is a polar covalent bond?

Answer 33

Polar covalent bonds create a fractional positive and negative charges on atoms.​

Question 34

What is a Free Radical?

Answer 34

A free radical is an electrically charged atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in its outer shell. Free radicals are unstable, highly reactive and can damage biological molecules​

Question 35

How to antioxidants affect free radicals? | Examples?

Answer 35

Antioxidants donate an electron to the free radical to stabilise (inactivate) what was previously the free radicals. Antioxidants prevent free radicals from damaging biological molecules (such as DNA). Eg in red onion, purple cabbage, red wine.