5- Introduction to organic chemistry Flashcards
all compounds containing which 2 elements are organic compounds?
carbon and hydrogen
Name 5 organic compounds found in living organisms
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Fats
what are hydrocarbons?
organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms
What is the basis for the huge diversity of organic compounds?
The ability of carbon to form covalent bonds with other elements, for example, H, O, N, S, and itself
Each carbon has 4 unpaired electrons in its valence shell, each can be involved in one covalent bond. Total covalent bonds formed by a carbon atom is four.
what is the molecular formula?
The number and types of atoms present in a molecule but contains no information about their arrangement
what is the structural formula?
The number and types of atoms present in a molecule written in their arrangement
(CH3CH2CH3)
Saturated Hydrocarbons:
Have only single covalent bonds between C atoms
Are saturated with hydrogen TOMA
Alkane: Propane
Chemical Formula: C3H8 → CH3CH2CH3
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons:
Have 1 or more double or triple covalent bonds between C atoms
Alkene: Propene
Chemical formula: C3H6 → CH2CHCH3
Extra carbon-carbon= two fewer hydrogens in structure
what is the simplest functional group?
Alkanes
saturated hydrocarbons, meaning they had only single carbon-carbon bonds
what are cycloalkanes?
cyclic saturated hydrocarbons.
They are carbon atoms arranged into a closed ring structure and a density lower than water
what are prefix cyclos?
the rings found in nature size from 3-30 carbon atoms
what is halogenation?
the direct reaction with halogens (chlorine, bromine, iodine).
Substitution of one or more of the H-atoms of hydrocarbons by halogen atoms, producing haloalkanes or halocycloalkanes
what are halogenated alkanes?
Derivatives alkanes in which one or more hydrogen atoms are substituted by halogen atoms
what are halogenated cycloalkanes?
Cycloalkane derivatives in which one or more hydrogen atoms are substituted by halogen atoms. These derivatives are named as:
Haloalkanes or Halocycloalkanes (IUPAC naming)
Alkyl halides or Cycloalkyl halides (common naming)
what is an alkene?
An alkene is an acyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonds
what do names that end with an “-ene” mean?
a double bond is present
the difference between hydrogenation and halogenation of alkenes?
hydrogenation - a hydrogen atom is added to each carbon atom of a double bond or triple bond and a catalyst such as Pt or Ni is used to speed up the reaction
halogenation - a halogen atom is added and no catalyst is needed
what are polymers?
macromolecules (huge molecules) in which small units (monomers) are repeated again and again.
polymers are:
Large, long-chain molecules.
Found in nature, including cellulose in plants, starches in food, proteins and DNA in the body.
Also synthetic, such as polyethylene and polystyrene, Teflon, and nylon.
Made up of small repeating units called monomers.
Made by reaction of small alkenes.
In polymerization, small repeating units called monomers join to form a long chain polymer
alkynes are..?
unsaturated hydrocarbons containing one or more triple bonds
what is the structure of aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes)?
they contain a benzene ring with alternate double and single bonds. Double bonds are different thank alkenes, these are called delocalised.
Features:
Insoluble in water
Soluble in non-polar solvents like hydrocarbons, etc.
Less dense than water, therefore, floats on water
Benzene is colourless, flammable liquid burns with a sooty flame
Petroleum is the primary source of aromatic hydrocarbons
Gasoline has a significant amount of benzene in it
The compound that contains the ring structure of benzene is called?
an aromatic compound
Alcohol is part of which functional group?
Hydroxyl
The general formula is R-OH
An alcohol contains a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon chain.
Where do oxidation reactions of alcohols happen in the body? (as they break down)
In the liver in the form of ethanol
