5- Introduction to organic chemistry

Question 1

all compounds containing which 2 elements are organic compounds?

Answer 1

carbon and hydrogen

Question 2

Name 5 organic compounds found in living organisms

Answer 2

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Fats

Question 3

what are hydrocarbons?

Answer 3

organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms

Question 4

What is the basis for the huge diversity of organic compounds?

Answer 4

The ability of carbon to form covalent bonds with other elements, for example, H, O, N, S, and itself

Each carbon has 4 unpaired electrons in its valence shell, each can be involved in one covalent bond. Total covalent bonds formed by a carbon atom is four.

Question 5

what is the molecular formula?

Answer 5

The number and types of atoms present in a molecule but contains no information about their arrangement

Question 6

what is the structural formula?

Answer 6

The number and types of atoms present in a molecule written in their arrangement
(CH3CH2CH3)

Question 7

Saturated Hydrocarbons:

Answer 7

Have only single covalent bonds between C atoms
Are saturated with hydrogen TOMA
Alkane: Propane
Chemical Formula: C3H8 → CH3CH2CH3

Question 8

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons:

Answer 8

Have 1 or more double or triple covalent bonds between C atoms
Alkene: Propene
Chemical formula: C3H6 → CH2CHCH3
Extra carbon-carbon= two fewer hydrogens in structure

Question 9

what is the simplest functional group?

Answer 9

Alkanes

saturated hydrocarbons, meaning they had only single carbon-carbon bonds

Question 10

what are cycloalkanes?

Answer 10

cyclic saturated hydrocarbons.

They are carbon atoms arranged into a closed ring structure and a density lower than water

Question 11

what are prefix cyclos?

Answer 11

the rings found in nature size from 3-30 carbon atoms

Question 12

what is halogenation?

Answer 12

the direct reaction with halogens (chlorine, bromine, iodine).
Substitution of one or more of the H-atoms of hydrocarbons by halogen atoms, producing haloalkanes or halocycloalkanes

Question 13

what are halogenated alkanes?

Answer 13

Derivatives alkanes in which one or more hydrogen atoms are substituted by halogen atoms

Question 14

what are halogenated cycloalkanes?

Answer 14

Cycloalkane derivatives in which one or more hydrogen atoms are substituted by halogen atoms​. These derivatives are named as:​

Haloalkanes or Halocycloalkanes (IUPAC naming)​
Alkyl halides or Cycloalkyl halides (common naming)

Question 15

what is an alkene?

Answer 15

An alkene is an acyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonds

Question 16

what do names that end with an “-ene” mean?

Answer 16

a double bond is present

Question 17

the difference between hydrogenation and halogenation of alkenes?

Answer 17

hydrogenation - a hydrogen atom is added to each carbon atom of a double bond or triple bond and a catalyst such as Pt or Ni is used to speed up the reaction

halogenation - a halogen atom is added and no catalyst is needed

Question 18

what are polymers?

Answer 18

macromolecules (huge molecules) in which small units (monomers) are repeated again and again.​

Question 19

polymers are:

Answer 19

Large, long-chain molecules.​
Found in nature, including cellulose in plants, starches in food, proteins and DNA in the body.​
Also synthetic, such as polyethylene and polystyrene, Teflon, and nylon.​
Made up of small repeating units called monomers.​
Made by reaction of small alkenes.​
In polymerization, small repeating units called monomers join to form a long chain polymer

Question 20

alkynes are..?

Answer 20

unsaturated hydrocarbons containing one or more triple bonds

Question 21

what is the structure of aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes)?

Answer 21

they contain a benzene ring with alternate double and single bonds. Double bonds are different thank alkenes, these are called delocalised.

Features:

Insoluble in water​
Soluble in non-polar solvents like hydrocarbons, etc. ​
Less dense than water, therefore, floats on water​
Benzene is colourless, flammable liquid burns with a sooty flame​
Petroleum is the primary source of aromatic hydrocarbons​
Gasoline has a significant amount of benzene in it

Question 22

The compound that contains the ring structure of benzene is called?

Answer 22

an aromatic compound

Question 23

Alcohol is part of which functional group?

Answer 23

Hydroxyl

The general formula is R-OH
An alcohol contains a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon chain.

Question 24

Where do oxidation reactions of alcohols happen in the body? (as they break down)

Answer 24

In the liver in the form of ethanol

Question 25

2 properties of phenols?

Answer 25

antioxidant and antiseptic

Phenol​s is an organic compound in which an -OH group is attached to a carbon atom that is part of an aromatic carbon ring system

Question 26

what is the functional group of ethers?

Answer 26

oxygen within a carbon chain -O-.

The general forumla is R-O-R.

The IUPAC name is alocy alkane. Ethers consist of an oxygen atom that is connected by single bonds to two carbon groups (alkyl or aromatic

Question 27

the most common aldehyde?

Answer 27

methanal (formaldehyde)

Question 28

Chemical properties of Aldehydes and Ketones

Answer 28

Aldehydes readily oxidise to carboxylic acids, whilst ketones resist oxidation.

The carboxylic acids from aldehydes are utliised in the breakdown of alcohol.

As ketones resist oxidation, they are unreactive