8: Brain Development Flashcards

1
Q

What does the notochordal process induce formation of?

With what molecule?

A

Neural plate

Sonic Hedge Hog (SHH)

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2
Q

When does primary neurulation occur?

A

Day 22-23

Beginning of 4th week

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3
Q

What parts of the CNS form during primary neurulation?

A

Future Brain and lumbar Spinal Cord

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4
Q

What neuropore closes on day 25?

A

Cranial/Rostra Neuropore

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5
Q

What neuropore closes on day 27?

A

Caudal Neuropore

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6
Q

What part of the neural tube forms the brain?

A

Neural tube cranial to 4th somites

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7
Q

What are the three primary brain vesicles?

A
  • Proencephalon: forebrain
  • Mesencephalon: midbrain
  • Rhombencephalon: hindbrain
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8
Q

What primary brain vesicles divide in the 5th week?

A

Forebrain (Prosencephalon)

Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)

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9
Q

What does the prosencephalon give rise to?

A
  • Telencephalon: cerebral hemipsheres and lateral venticles
  • Diencephalon: thalami structures and 3rd ventricle
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10
Q

What are derivatives from the mesencephalon?

A

Midbrain and cerebral aqueduct

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11
Q

What does the rhombencephalon give rise to?

A
  • Metencephalon: pons, cerebellum, and upper part of 4th ventricle
  • Myelencephalon: medulla and lower part of 4th ventricle
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12
Q

What does the cervical flexure divide?

A

Hindbrain and spinal cord

Flexes forward

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13
Q

What does the pontine flexure divide?

A

Divides hindbrain into rostral metencephalon and caudal myelecephalon (pons/cerebellum and medulla)

Extending

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14
Q

What separates hindbrain from midbrain?

A

Isthmus Rhombencephali

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15
Q

What does the mesencephalic flexure divide?

A

Midbrain and forebrain

Flexes forward

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16
Q

What are some structures formed in the myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)?

A
  • Nuclei Gracilus and Curneatus (sensory nuclei)
  • Pyramids (white matter dealing with motor tracts)
  • Alar and Basal Plates
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17
Q

What gives rise to sensory neurons that remain contained within the CNS?

A

Alar plate

18
Q

What is the embryological origin of motor neurons that leave the CNS to go out to skeletal muscle?

A

Basal plate

19
Q

What is the division between the alar and basal plates?

Which plate is medial and lateral?

A

Sulcus limitans splits alar (lateral) and basal (medial) plates

20
Q

What gives rise to the cerebellum?

A

Dorsal parts of the alar plates

Eventually projects into 4th ventricle and overlaps pons and medulla

21
Q

What coveres teh ependymal roof of the 4th ventricle?

22
Q

What is tela choroidea?

A
  • Very thin part of pia mater that coveres lower part of 4th venticle
  • Will invaginate the ventricle to form choroid plexus
23
Q

How do the median and lateral apertures form?

A

Roof of 4th ventricle evaginates and those ruptures form the aperatures, allowing CSF to enter subarachnoid space

24
Q

What gives rise to the superior and inferior colliculi?

A

Neuroblasts from alar plate that make tectum

Colliculi deal with vision/hearing, which are sensory

25
What gives rise to the tegmental nuclei? What are some examples of tegmental nuclei?
Neuroblasts from _basal plate_ that make tegmental nuclei * Red Nuclei * Reticular Nuclei * CN III Nuclei * CN IV Nuclei
26
What gives rise to substantia nigra?
Basal or alar plate that migrate ventrally
27
Are diencephalon structures grey or white matter?
Grey Matter
28
What gives rise to the hypothalamus?
Neuroblasts in intermediate zone
29
What gives rise to the pineal gland?
Median diverticulum of the caudal part of the epithalamus
30
What major structure is the caudate nucleus located adjacent to?
Lateral ventricle
31
What embryological layer gives rise to the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
Oral Ectoderm * Arises from the stomoedum, leading to Rathke's pouch * Hypophyseal diverticulum * When it fuses with posterior pituitary gland, rathke stalk degenerates
32
What embryological layer gives rise to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
Neuroectoderm * Arises from diencephalon (Neurohypophyseal diverticulum) * Infundibulum forms posterior pituitary and infundibular stalk
33
What is holoprosencephaly?
Incomplete separation of cerebral hemispheres during development that can result in facial anomalies
34
Patient presents with epilepsy, headache, abnormal movements. Upon examination, he has a reduced frontonasal prominence and a cleft lip as well as some developmental delay. What disorder does he most likely have?
Holoprosencephaly
35
What can happen if there is agenesis of corpus callosum?
Seizures and mental deficiency
36
What are the layers of the cerebral cortex?
From top to bottom: * Marginal Zone * Intermediate Zone * Ventricular Zone
37
Where are the older and newer neurons in the cerebral cortex?
* Older Neurons: Deeper (Layer VI) * Newer Neurons: Superificial (Layer I)
38
Failure of neuronal migration during weeks 12-24 can result in what brain disorder?
Lissencephaly (agyria, smooth brain)
39
What is Lissencephaly characterized by?
Microcephaly Ventriculomegaly Minimal operculum of insula Complete/partial agenesis of corpus collosum
40
What can cause microcephaly?
* Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly * Ionizing Radiation * Infectious Agents' * Cytomegalovirus * Rubella * Toxoplasma gondii * Maternal Alcohol Abuse