5. EAA & Excitoxicity Flashcards

1
Q

what is neurologically vital for normal fxn

A
  1. EAA NT system
  2. Ca2+
  3. O2
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2
Q

what is excitotoxicity?

A

explains why you have continued brain damage after trauma

= overstimulation of EAA system after ischemia –> damage neurons far/near ischemic region

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3
Q

what kind of trauma shows susbtantial evidence of involvement of excitotoxicity?

A

anything that impairs abiity to maintain ATP levels

  • stroke
  • global hypoxia or anoxia
  • traumatic injury to brain
  • hypoglycemia
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4
Q

what trauma shows strong evidence of involvement of excitoxicity

A

epilepsy

severe seizures

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5
Q

what is the first step of overstimulation of EAA

A

loss of blood flow –> w/i 4 mins O2 level in mitochondria drop to zero –>

NO MORE ATP PRODUCTION

-Na/K ATPase activity decreases & cell DEPOLARIZES

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6
Q

what happens after the cell has depolarized due to reduced activity of Na/K ATPase

A

neurons reach threshold –> get tons of APs –> release a ton of NTs

-still get AP in hypoxic condition, but not able to maintain RMP

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7
Q

How are cells distant from the ishcemic lesion affected

A

neurons were activated, traveled thru-out brain and release NTs in to synaptic clefts close/far from ischemic site

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8
Q

Why is the increased EAA (NT) release so bad, can’t glial cells reuptake & remove them from the cleft?

A

NO!

reuptake is dependent on secondary active transport of Na+ (no ATP b/c hypoxic!) –> so EAA continue to accumulate and bind a bunch of receptors

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9
Q

what causes more Ca2+ to enter into postsyn cells?

A

non-NMDA activation –> depolarization –> force Mg2+ out of Ca2+ cell ==> allows Ca2+ to enter post synaptic cell

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10
Q

what is a normal fxn of Ca2+ that is dangerous in these cases of overstimulation

A

increases Phospholipase A activity (PLA) –> acts on membrane & release arachnoid acid ==> physical damage

arachnoid acid also = messenger –> cause release of Ca2+ from ER & mito ==> unfolded protein response (ER stops making protein)

==> eIF2a-kinase activated (alter transcription/translation)

==> mito dysfxn

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11
Q

Which enzyme is activated by Ca2+ & leads to proteolysis of structural proteins?

A

mu-calpain

= proteolysis of structural proteins and other enzymes like eIF4G (stop making RNA for protein synthesis)

==> metabolic & structural impairment of neurons that are not near hypoxic region

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12
Q

Ca2+ also activates __________, which increases production of NO

A

calcineurin

-uses nitric oxide synthase to make tons of NO ==> vasodilator

NO –> free radicals (damage vasculature further)

rmr: NO = (g) & very soluble across lipid membranes

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13
Q

What is activated when Ca2+ released from intracellular stores

A

activate PLA

activate mu-calpain

activate calicinurin

mitochondira releases enzymes like Caspase 9 –> which activates Caspase 3 = pro-apototic ==> activate apoptotic pathway

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14
Q

Why is it bad to administer O2 after a certain amount of time

A
  1. Mitochondria no longer has enzymes –> cant use O2 to make ATP

O2 –> made into free radicals ==> further damage

  1. If ATP is made –> will be used by apoptotic cells bc these are the active cells in body now
  2. if ATP is made –> phosphorylation –> phosphorylate eIF2a kinase (decrease protein synthesis even more) & activate more Caspase 3 (more apoptosis)
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15
Q

production of DA, NE, E

A

Tyr (tyrosine hydroylase)–> DA –> (into vesicle via VMAT) –> NE –> (out of vesicle & PMNT)–> E

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16
Q

what is reserpine

A

inhibit VMAT (synaptic failure)

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17
Q

where is E most located

A

medulla

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18
Q

where is 5HT found & what is its fxn

A

hypothalamus/limbic system : mood

raphe nuclei/cerebellum : motor

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19
Q

reputake, MAO & COMT remove _____ NTs from the synapse

A

DA/NE/E

5HT

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20
Q

what are the receptors for 5HT

A

5HT3 = ionotopic –> Na into cell

5HT 1,2c,4,5,6,7 = metabotopic

-3 for area postrema

6 for antidepressent

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21
Q

where is DA located & what is its fxn

A

basal ganglia: motor (parkinsons if messed up)

hypothal/limbic: endocrine/emotion

cortex

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22
Q

what are the receptors for DA

A

all metabotropic

D1 &5 = increase camp - excite

D2, 3, 4 –> decrease camp

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23
Q

what NT is associated with tuberomammillary nucleus & what is its fxn

A

Histamine

wakefulness

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24
Q

how is His removed from the synapse

A

reuptake & COMT & diamine oxidase

25
what are the histamine receptors
H1- PLC - wakeful H2- increase camp H3 - decrease His into presyn
26
what areas are assocaited with Ach & what are their fxns
striatum -voluntary movement midbrain/pons - brain arousal, sleep/EEG
27
how is Ach - put into vesicles? - removed from synaptic cleft
into vesicle **VAchT** removed via AchE
28
what are the receptors for Ach
1. M1/3/5 - Gq (M1 = neuronal) 2. M2/4 = Gi (4 = presyn autoreceptor striatum) 3. nicotinic (can change amount of Ca2+ allowed in by changing subunits of the channel)
29
what are the purine NTs & where are they found
ATP, ADP, adenosine (everywhere) esp: cortex cerebellum hippocampus basal ganglia
30
what is VNUT
protein that stores purine NTs in vesicles until ready for release
31
P1 receptor -
ligand = adenosine on presyn: inhibit NT release but on postsyn: sleep/general inhibiton
32
P2-
P2x - ligand - ATP -\> ionotopic P2y- metabotropic; ligand = ADP/ATP/UDP/UTP = Gi/Gq coupled ==\> learning & memory
33
how is gaba transported into vesicles
VGAT
34
how is gaba removed from the synapse
GAT 1- on presyn = recycle 2. on glial cell - break down - release & then presyn recycles
35
GABA-A receptor
ionotropic (IPSP) modulate benzodiazepine site, ethanol, steroid, general anesthtics (propofol)
36
GABA-B receptor
metabotropic Gi/Go couples - activate GIRK (K channel) & turn off Ca channel on presyn; to regulate NTs on postsyn: to inhibit postsyn cell
37
what is the receptor for glycine
ionotropic - Cl- = IPSP = spinal inhibiton =blocked by stychnine
38
what are names of opiods & where are they found
endorphins, enkephalins, dynerphins, nocicpetins basal ganglia, hypothal, pontine & medullary sites
39
what is the precursor for beta-endorphins
POMC (proopiomelanocotinin)
40
what makes met- enkephalin & leu-enkephalin
proenkephalin ( 5 AAs; first 4 = YGGF\_) 5th determines what itll be M: met L: leu
41
what do prodynorphins make
leu enkaphalins dynorphins
42
what is orphanim FQ
makes nociceptin
43
how are opiods removed from the synapse
enkephalinase aminopeptidase
44
mu-receptor
opiods metabotropic Gi/Go) --\> increased K efflux causes: _analgesia_ _resp. depression_ _euphoira_ _constipation_ _sedation_
45
kappa receptors
opiod metabotropic (Gi/Go) --\> decease Ca influx cause analgesia dysphoria diuresis miosis
46
delta receptors
opiod: metabotropic - Gi/Go - decrease Ca influx cause analgesia
47
what are exogenous endocannabinoids
THC
48
what are endogenous cannabinoids
anandimide 2 arachidomyl- glyceral
49
where are endocannabinoids located & what are the fxns
basal ganglia: motor/mood sp cord: nociception modification cortex: neuroprotection hippocampus: memories hypothal: energy/hunger
50
how do endocannabinoids degrade
hydrolysis (anadamide - FAAH & 2AG - MAGL) oxidation: cycloxgenase & lipoxygenase
51
C1 receptor
endocannibinoids - bind AEA & 2AG with high affinity - striatum, thalamus, hypotha, cerebellum & lower Br.st in presyn terminal of EAA & GABA releasing cells --\> decrease release by Gi
52
C2 receptor
endocannabinoids microglia & macrophages = modulate inflam/injury dendrites/soma - assocaited w/ N injury bind 2AG \> AEA
53
EAA examples
glutamate aspartate
54
NMDA receptor
influx of Ca ==\> long EPSP ligand & Vg gated NMDA (exogenous), Glu & Asp (endogenous) short/long term memory & synaptic plasticity
55
how are NMDA receptors modulated
1. glycine binding site: coagonist= required 2. Mg binding site- w/i channel, must be removed to open (even if gly & NT bind) (often open after slight EPSP from Non-NMDA receptors
56
Non-NMDA receptors
influx Na --\> short EPSP AMPA (exogenous) glu & asp (endogenous) sensory, upper MNs modulated by: benzodiazepine : decease amount of EPSP
57
metabotropic receptors of EAA
mGlu1 - Gq mGlu2&3 - Gi
58
how is NO formed from NMDA activation
Ca2+ into cell --\> bind calcinurum --\> actiavte NOS --\> make NO --\> lipid soluble so out of cell & effect neurons -needed for 1. neural fxn (hippcam/cerebellum: memory & pons/medulla: heart/resp) 2. immunological fxn: made by macrophage bc its toxiz