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Neuro Exam 2 > 1. Gross brain, brainstem & spinal cord > Flashcards

1. Gross brain, brainstem & spinal cord Flashcards

1
Q

What is white matter? & What are other names for white matter?

A
  • collection of axons, many covered w/ myelin
  • Fasciculus, funiculus, lemniscus, peduncle & tract

(tracts: 2 part names: 1: location of cell bodies & 2: where they end up = tracts talk about multiple options of white matter)

(fasciculus & funiculus: referred to when talking about parts of along the tract)

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2
Q

What is grey matter?

A

area w/ neuronal/glial cells & dendrites

  • Nuclei: embedded combined cell bodies w/ similar fxn
  • Cortex: layers of grey matter over CNS (like cerebral & cerebellar cortices)
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3
Q

what are components of grey matter?

A

Nuclei: collection of cell bodies w/ common fxn

Cortex: layers of grey matter over other parts of the CNS

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4
Q

What are the different types of folds on the cerebral hemispheres cortical surface

A
  1. Gyrus: ridge of cortical tissue
  2. Sulcus: groove located btn gyri
  3. Fissures: deep sulci

fxn: increase total cortical area & number of cortical neurons

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5
Q

what are the 4 sulci that divide the cerebral hemisphere into 5 lobes

A

Central sulcus: divide frontal & parietal (used to help find motor and somatosensory cortex)

Lateral sulcus: divide frontal, parietal & temporal lobes

Parietooccipital sulcus: medial sulcus; divides parietal & occipital lobe

Cingulate sulcus: medial, along cingulate lobe

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6
Q

what are the two hemispheres joined by?

A

corpus callosum

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7
Q

What are the boundaries of the frontal lobe

A

Laterally: lateral sulcus aka sylvian fissure (seperate from temporal lobe)

Medially: extend to cingulate sulcus

Posteriorly: top of central sulcus to cingulate sulcus

Inferiorly: continue as orbital part of frontal lobe

(overall: extend from frontal pole –> central sulcus)

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8
Q

What are the boundaries of the temporal lobe

A

Superiorly: extend to lateral sulcus and line of inferior boundary of parietal lobe (collateral sulcus)

Posteriorly: line connecting top of parietooccipital sulcus and preoccipital notch (extend preoccipital notch toward corpus callosum)

Medially:

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9
Q

What are the boundaries of the parietal lobe

A

Inferiorly: bound by lateral sulcus (imaginary continuation to posterior border)

  • bounded by subparietal & calcarine sulci (medially, inferiorly)

Anterior: frontal lobe

Posterior: parietooccipital sulcus

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10
Q

what are the boundaries of the occipital lobe?

A

Anterior: parietal & temporal lobe (lateral and medial sides)

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11
Q

What are the boundaries of the limbic lobe

A
  • interposed btn corpus callosum & frontal, parietal & occipital lobe
  • curve around to medial surface

=strip of cortex that encircles the telencephalon-diencephalon jxn

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12
Q

frontal lobe contains —-

A

motor areas

primary motor cortex, premotor and supplementary motor areas

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13
Q

What is the precentral gyrus

A

lateral surface of frontal lobe (ant. to central sulcus)

= contains primary motor cortex

also contain: premotor & supplementary motor areas (make up part of frontal gyri too) ==> planning & initiating voluntary movements

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14
Q

what makes up the lateral surface of the frontal lobe

A

precentral gyrus

superior, middle & inferior frontal gyri

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15
Q

What fxn is the broca’s area important for & where is it located?

A

Motor aspects of written & spoken language

(on one hemisphere usually left, on inferior frontal gyrus; part of opercular and triangular parts)

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16
Q

What does the prefrontal cortex do

A

executive fxns; personality, decision making, insight & foresight

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17
Q

Which lobe contains somatosensory areas

A

parietal lobe (post-central gyrus & superior/inferior parietal lobules)

post. to central sulcus

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18
Q

Which gyrus is related to the primary somatosensory cortex? & what does this cortex do

A

postcentral gyrus

control processing tactile & proprioception fxn info, sensory localization

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19
Q

What is involved in language comprehension

A

inferior parietal lobule

(usually in only 1 hemisphere, likely left)

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20
Q

pariatel lobe contains——

A

sensory info

primary somatosensory cortex

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21
Q

What does the parietal cortex outside of the gyrus and lobules do?

A

spatial orientation & directing attn

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22
Q

How is the homunculus mapped?

A

= spatially distorted & reflects the amount of innervation involved in given area of the body

= somatotopic map = contralateral half of body mapped in postcentral gyurus

-applies to primary motor & somatosensory cortices

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23
Q

Which gyri make up the temporal lobe

A

superior, middle & infeiror temporal gyri

& inferior surface = occipitotemporal (fusiform) gyrus

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24
Q

temporal lobe contains—-

A

auditory areas

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25
What 4 fxns are associated with the temporal lobe
1. superior: continuation of superior temporal gyrus = **primary auditory cortex** 2. posterior (usually one hemisphere, likely left) : **Wernicke's area: comprehnsion of language** 3. inferior: higher order **processing of visual info** 4. medial: **learning & memory**
26
where is Wernike's area located
post. part of superior temporal gyrus; including _supramarginal & angular gyri_
27
What are the limbic lobe fxns
made of cingulate & parahippocampal gyri (**learning & memory)** hippocampus **(learning & memory)** amygdala **(fear & emotion)** =imp for emotional response, drive-related behavior & memory
28
what is the uncus? what are possible complications that can occur with the uncus?
formed when the anterior end of the parahippocampal gyrus hooks backwards on itself (makes a medial bump) -get stuck under dura & cause compression (esp in & around brainstem)
29
what are the limbic structures
hippocampus: folded into temporal lobe at the hippcampal sulcus amygdala: underneath the uncus uncus: medial portion, end of parahippocampal gyrus that wraps around itself also: cingulate & parahippocampalgyri
30
Where can you locate the insula & what is its function?
pry open the lateral sulcus or remove the opercula - **underneath frontal, parietal and temporal** outlined by the **circular sulcus** **taste**
31
what are the components of the occipital lobe
lateral: **lateral occipital gyri** **cuneus:** wedge shaped btn parietooccipital and calcarine sulci **primary visual cortex:** in the walls of the **calcarine sulcus** remainder = **visual association cortex** (higher order processing of visual info)
32
what does the diencephalon contain
**thalamus** (above hypothalamus = gateway for sensory info, except olfaction) **hypothalamus** (behind optic chiasm = auntomoic controsl and direct "talk" to pituitary gland) **epithalamus** **subthalamus**
33
where can you find the hypothalamus? & what are its fxns
behind optic chiasm; inrelation to pituitary gland (connect via infundibular stalk) autonomic controls & direct interaxn with pituitary
34
What does the basal nuclei contain & what is its fxn
= group of nuclei deep to cerebral cortex Caudate Nucleus & Lentricular nucleus (subdivided into putamen & globus pallidus) & subthalamus =control movement & moderation of movement
35
what divides the lentricular nuclei & what does it contain
**internal capsule:** seperate lentricular nuclei from thalamus and caudate =thick sheet of fibers - contain most of the fibers conntecting the cerebral cortex and deep structrues (thalamus, basal nuclei and brain stem)
36
name the central white matter structures & list what they do
1. **arcuate fibers:** connect cortical areas w/i sulci/gyri (close conections) 2. **longitudinal/association fasciculi:** connect cortical area w/i same hemisphere (ie lobe to lobe) 3. **projection tracts:** connect cortical area w/i other body region (ie corticospinal tract) 4. **corpus callosum:** interconnect 2 cerebral hemisphere lobes - frontal, parietal and occipital (~ 250 mil axons) 5. **anterior commissure:** comissural fibers to/from temporal lobe (esp inferior part)
37
what are the limbs that white matter is divided into how are these clinically relevent
anterior limb genu posterior limb sublenticular limb retrolenticular limb - contain vasculature: damage to blood supply can damage tract and cause adverse effects
38
what are the parts of the brainstem & what is the overall fxn
midbrain, pons, medulla cranial nerve fxn; convery info to/from forebrain
39
describe the parts of the midbrain
houses the **tectum** of the midbrain **superior and inferior colliculi** = paired bumps posterior to cerebral aqueduct paired **cerebral peduncles**
40
what are the parts of the pons
protuding basal pons pontine tegmentum (part of floor of 4th ventricle)
41
what are the parts of the medulla
rostral = open portion (has part of 4th ventricle) caudal = closed portion (continous with sp. cord) - blends in w/ sp. cord
42
what is the fxn of the cerebellum? & what are its components?
= sensory info processing & influences motor neurons (fine & fluid movements) surface = transverse ridges, folia lobes and lobules divided by fissures white matter in medullary center: made of afferent/efferent fibers
43
what are the parts of the post. horn of the sp. cord
**substantia gelatinosa:** region of grey matter that caps the horn body: interneurons & projection neurons that transmit somatic & visceral sensory info **Lissauer's tract** - white matter btn substantia gelatinosa & surface of sp. cord **Clark's nucleus (poterior thoracic nucleus)**
44
what is the path of the roots/rootlets of the spinal cord?
posterior rootlets enter via **posteriolateral sulcus** & anterior rootlets leave via **anterolateral sulcus**
45
what is Clark's nucleus
= aka = posterior thoracic nucleus cells on medial surface of base of post. horn **(T1-L2)** -sensory & posture processing = cerebellar feedback
46
what is the fxn of the cells from the anterior horn
contain cell bodies of lower MNs (supply skeletal Ms) -provide CNS control for voluntary/involuntary body movements
47
what is the intermediate grey matter
= collection of various projection neurson, sensory interneurons & interneurons - Presynaptic sym neurons (**T1-L3**) in **intermediolateral cell column = lateral horn** (axon leave via ventral roots) **sacral parasym nucleus - S2-S4** (DOESNT form distinct lateral horn)
48
Lamina I (marginal zone)
nucleus: Marginal zone levels: All some spinothalamic tract cells (thin layer covering substantia gelatinosa)
49
Lamina II
nucleus: substantia gelatinosa all levels modulate transmission of pain/temp info
50
Lamina III - VI
Nucleus: body of post horn all levels sensory processing
51
Lamina VII
**Clark's nucleus** (intermediate gray matter & extensions into anterior horn) -\> T1-L2 posterior spinocerebellar tract cells **intermediolateral column** -\> T1-L3 = preganglionic sym neurons **Sacral parasym nucleus:** -\> S2-S4 - preganglionic parasym neurons - pelvic viscera
52
Lamina VIII
some of the interneuron zone of anterior horn
53
lamina IX
**Acessory nucleus: -\>** medulla - C5 - MNs to SCM & trapezius M **Phrenic nucleus: -\>** C3-C5 - MNs to diaphragm
54
lamina X
zone of grey matter surrounding central canal
55
how is information conveyed to CNS
**primary afferents & lower MNs** primary afferents terminate in CNS on **second-order neurons** (sensory primary afferent = ipsilateral w/ few exceptions) (lower MNs: info from CNS to skeletal M)
56
what do second order neruons & third order neurons do?
2nd order: relay signal from primary afferent in spinal cord to thalamus (can cross midline of body) - 3rd order: relay signal to final target in cortical area = thalamus to upper corical areas (then cortex decides on given output)
57
Name the ascending tracts & their fxn
1. **Posterior columns:** ipsilat proprioceptive, tactile & vibratory info from body (NOT FACE) 2. **Spinocerebellar tracts:** info to cerebellum, thalamus & motor cortex --\> influence efficiency of motor activity 3. **Anterolateral system (ALS):** pain, temp and nondiscriminative touch from body (NOT FACE)
58
what are the results of cerebellar damage
abnormalitites of equalibrium, postural control & coorindation of voluntary movements
59
Name the descending tacts & their fxn
1. **Corticospinal tract**: controls voluntary, fine movement of Ms 2. **Vestibulospinal tract:** influence MNs innervating primary axial & neck Ms 3. **Rubrospinal fibers:** excite flexor MNs and inhibit extensor MNs
60
what happens if you have damage in the postcentral gyrus/sulcus
problems with percieving sensations & proprioception
61
what will happen if you have damage to the calcarine sulcus, cuneus &/or lingual gyrus?
some sort of vision impairment -primary visual cortex in walls of calcarine sulcus & associated with cuneus, lingual gyrus
62
What happens if you damage the basal nuclei or associated structures?
some sort of motor disorder -Parkinsons, Huntingtons, dystonia, tremors, etc
63
what may occur if you damage the cerebellum
abnormal equilibrium, postural control and coordination of voluntary movements -decreased/lacking fine/fluid movements (rmr it gets input from vestibular system for balance and posture)

Neuro Exam 2 (23 decks)

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