Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology > 8-BONE > Flashcards

8-BONE Flashcards

1
Q
  • an example of specialized connective tissue
  • its ECM is different because its matrix hardens
    a connective tissue characterized by a
    mineralized extracellular matrix (abundance of
    calcium and phosphate)
A

BONE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Bone matrix contains mainly

A

type 1 collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

FOUR MAIN GROUP S OF
NONCOLLAGENOUS PROTEINS FOUND IN
THE BONE MATRIX

A

Proteoglycans

Multiadhesive glycoproteins

Bone specific, vitamin K dependent
proteins

Growth factors and cytokines, which are
small regulatory proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q


contribute to the compressive strength of
bone

responsible for binding growth factors and
may inhibit mineralization

A

Proteoglycans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the Multiadhesive glycoproteins
in bones

A

Osteonectin
Osteopontin
Sialoprotein I and II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

-
serves as a glue between the collagen
and hydroxyapatite crystals

A

Osteonectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

mediates attachment of cells to bone
matrix

A

Osteopontin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

mediate cell attachment and initiate
calcium phosphate formation

A

Sialoprotein I and II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the Bone specific, vitamin K dependent proteins

A

Osteocalcin
Protein S
Matrix Gla-protein (MGP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the Growth factors and cytokines, which are small regulatory proteins

A

Insulin like growth factors (IGFs)
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-)
Transforming Growth Factor (TGF-)
Platelet Derived Growth Factors (PDGFs)
Interleukins (IL 1, IL 6)
Bone Morphogenic Proteins (BMPs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

is now used clinically to induce bone growth after bone surgery involving large bone defects, spinal fusions, or implantation of graft materials

A

Recombinant human BMP 7
(osteogenic protein 1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

BONE STRUCTURE consists of

A

Bone matrix
Periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

BONE CELLS consists of

A

Osteoprogenitor Cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Bone lining cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

–
contains spaces called lacunae connected
by a network of canaliculi
–
each lacunae contains a osteocyte which
osteocyte numerous processes extend into
small tunnels called canaliculi

A

Bone matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

–
consists of dense connective tissue, with a
primarily fibrous layer covering a more
cellular layer
–
bone is vascularized by small vessels that
penetrate the matrix from the periosteum

A

Periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q


cells derived from mesenchymal stem cells

give rise to osteoblasts

presursor cells of osteoblast

A

Osteoprogenitor Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Osteoprogenitor Cells are found on the

A

external and internal surfaces
of bones and may also reside in the
microvasculature supplying bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Osteoprogenitor Cells appear as

A

flattened or squamous cells
lightly staining
elongate, or ovoid nuclei
inconspicuous acidophilic or slightly
basophilic cytoplasm in growing bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

requires a population of renewable
osteoprogenitor cells (osteoblast precursor
cells) that are responsive to molecular
stimuli that transform them into bone
forming cells

synthesis of osteoprogenitor cells (ig?)

A

Osteogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

*
key factor that triggers
differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells
*
prompts the expression of genes that are
characteristic of the phenotype of the
osteoblast.

A

Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 (CBFA1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Osteoblasts located exclusively at the ____________, usually side by side in a layer
somewhat resembling a simple epithelium

A

surfaces of bone matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

synthesizes the ORGANIC components of
bone matrix

A

Osteoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Osteoblasts are polarized cells matrix components are secreted at the cell surface in contact with older bone matrix, producing a layer of new (but not yet calcified) material called _________ between the osteoblast layer and the bone formed earlier

A

osteoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

During active matrix synthesis: osteoblasts
have a ________________ shape and
basophilic cytoplasm

A

cuboidal to columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

During decline of synthesizing activity:
osteoblast ____________ and cytoplasmic
basophilia is reduced

A

flatten

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q


found in cavities (lacunae) between layers
(lamellae) of bone matrix

mature form of osteoblast

less basophilic; less synthetic ability

A

Osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

individual osteoblasts are gradually
surrounded by their own secretion and
become osteocytes enclosed singly within
spaces called

A

lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

cells are involved in maintaining the bony matrix and their death is followed by resorption of this matrix

A

Osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

histologic properties of osteocytes

A
  • are flat, almond-shaped cells
    ▪ exhibit a significantly reduced RER and Golgi apparatus and more condensed nuclear chromatin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

transition from osteoblasts to osteocytes
the cells extend many long __________ which also become surrounded
by calcifying matrix

A

cytoplasmic processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

osteocyte and its processes occupy each

A

lacuna and the canaliculi radiating from it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Processes of adjacent cells make contact
via __________ and molecules are
passed via these structures from cell to cell

can provide nourishment for a chain of
about ten cells

A

gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

TYPES OF OSTEOCYTES

A

Quiescent osteocytes
Formative osteocytes
Resorptive osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

*
exhibit a paucity of rER and a markedly
diminished Golgi apparatus
*
an osmiophilic lamina representing mature
calcified matrix is seen in close apposition
to the cell membrane

A

Quiescent osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

show evidence of matrix deposition and
exhibit c ertain characteristics similar to
those of osteoblasts.
*
rER and Golgi apparatus are more
abundant, and there is evidence of osteoid
in the pericellular space within the lacuna

A

Formative osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

*
like formative osteocytes, contain
numerous profiles of endoplasmic
reticulum and a well developed Golgi
apparatus. More over, lysosomes are
conspicuous.

A

Resorptive osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

multi nucleated giant cells involved in the
resorption and remodeling of bone tissue
*
come from series of hemopoiesis

A

Osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Osteoclasts lie within enzymatically etched depressions or crypts in the matrix known as ________________ in bone undergoing resorption

A

resorption bays (formerly called Howship lacunae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

In active osteoclasts the surface against
the bone matrix i s folded into
irregular projections, which form a

A

ruffled border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

without this structure there’s impaired resorption of bone

A

ruffled border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

surrounding the ruffled border is a
_________________
between the osteoclast and the matrix in
which bone resorption occurs

A

subcellular pocket microenvironment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

in to this subcellular pocket the osteoclast
secretes _____________ and other enzymes
and pumps protons, forming an acidic
environment locally for dissolving
___________ and promoting the
localized digestion of collagen

A

collagenase; hydroxyapatite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Osteoclasts have receptors for
_________ a thyroid hormone, but not for
parathyroid hormone.

A

calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Osteoblasts activated by PTH
produce a

A

cytokine called
osteoclast stimulating factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

–
characterized by dense, heavy bones
(“marble bones”)
–
osteoclasts lack ruffled borders, and
bone resorption is defective

A

Osteopetrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

*
cells that remain on the bone surface when
there is no active growth
*
derived from those osteoblasts that
remain after bone deposition ceases

A

Bone lining cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

All cells except ________ originate from
the mesenchymal stem cells

A

osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into

A

osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and finally osteocytes and bone-lining cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

types of bone lining cells

A

Periosteal cells
Endosteal cells
Osteoprogenitor cells and bone lining cells
Osteoclasts

50
Q

Bone lining cells on external bone surfaces
–
form the innermost layer of the periosteum

A

Periosteal cells

51
Q

Bone lining cells on internal bone surfaces

A

Endosteal cells

52
Q

–
line the marrow cavities, the osteonal
( canals, and the perforating
(Volkmann Volkmann’s) canals.

A

Osteoprogenitor cells and bone lining cells

53
Q

bone lining cells that have a similar microscopic appearance
and are often difficult to distinguish from
each other.

A

Osteoprogenitor cells and bone lining cells

54
Q

originate from hemopoietic progenitor
cells, which differentiate into bone
resorbing cells that also line bones

A

Osteoclasts

55
Q

COMPONENTS OF BONE MATRIX

A

Inorganic material
Hydration shell
Organic matter
Calcium binding glycoproteins

56
Q

represents about 50% of the dry weight of
bone matrix

A

Inorganic material

57
Q

most abundant inorganic material found in the bone matrix

combination of calcium and phosphate

A

Hydroxyapatite

58
Q

aside from hyrdoxyapatite, what are the other inorganic materials found in the bone matrix?

A

Bicarbonate
Citrate
magnesium
Potassium
sodium
amorphous (noncrystalline)CaPO4

59
Q

a layer of water and ions forms around the
hydrated surface ions of hydroxyapatite
–
facilitates the exchange of ions
between the crystal and the body
fluids

A

Hydration shell

60
Q

contains proteoglycan
aggregates and several specific
multiadhesive glycoproteins,
including osteonectin

A

Organic matter

61
Q

Organic matter embedded in the calcified matrix is

A

–
Type I collagen
–
ground substance

62
Q

Calcium binding glycoproteins example

A

osteocalcin, and the phosphatases
released in matrix vesicles by osteoblasts

63
Q

PERIOSTEUM ENDOSTEUM Principle Function

A

Provide nutrition of osseus

Provision of a continuous supply of new osteoblasts for repair or growth of bone

64
Q


consists of a dense fibrous outer layer of
collagen bundles and fibroblasts

attaches to bone tissue through perforating
fibers

A

Periosteum

65
Q

bundles of periosteal collagen fibers that
penetrate the bone matrix, binding the
periosteum to bone

A

Perforating or Sharpey’s fibers

66
Q

mesenchymal stem cells found in the
innermost cellular layer of the periosteum
–
has potential to divide by mitosis and
differentiate into osteoblasts
–
play a prominent role in bone growth
and repair

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

67
Q

provides covering to inner layer of bones

a single very thin layer of connective tissue,
containing flattened osteoprogenitor cells
and osteoblasts

A

Endosteum

68
Q

–
covers the small spicules or
trabeculae of bone that project into
these cavities
–
considerably thinner than the
periosteum.
–
lines the large internal marrow
cavities of bone

A

Endosteum

69
Q

dense areas generally without cavities or spaces
– covered externally with periosteum

A

compact bone

69
Q

TYPES OF BONE

A

Compact Bone
Cancellous (spongy) Bone
Long Bone
Short Bones
Flat Bones

70
Q

areas with numerous interconnecting cavities

all surfaces of ________ are covered with endosteum

A

cancellous bone

71
Q

bulbous end of long bones composed of spongy bone covered with a thin layer of compact bone

A

Epiphyses

71
Q

Long Bone
* Has two components:

A

Epiphyses
Diaphysis

72
Q

cylindrical part is almost totally composed of compact bone, with a thin component of spongy bone on its inner surface around the bone marrow cavity

A

Diaphysis

73
Q

usually have a core of spongy bone surrounded completely by compact bone

A

Short Bones

74
Q

Flat Bones form the

A

calvaria (skullcap)

75
Q

calvaria (skullcap) have two layers of compact bone called

A

plates (tables)

76
Q

the plates of the calvaria are separated by a thicker layer of spongy bone called the

A

diploë

77
Q
  • first bone tissue to appear in embryonic development and in fracture repair
  • immature bone
A

PRIMARY BONE TISSUE

78
Q

PRIMARY BONE TISSUE characterized by irregular array of collagen fibers called

A

woven bone

79
Q

PRIMARY BONE TISSUE are usually temporary, except in:

A

o near the sutures of the calvaria
o in tooth sockets
o in the insertion of some tendons

80
Q

SECONDARY BONE TISSUE
* shows multiple layers of organized calcified matrix referred to as

A

lamellar bone

81
Q

each complex of concentric bony lamellae surrounding a small canal containing blood vessels, nerves, and loose connective tissue

A

Osteon (Haversian system)

82
Q
  • outer boundary of each osteon is a more collagen-rich layer which we call as?
A

Cement line

83
Q

CATEGORIES OF VASCULAR CHANNELS

A

Haversian canals
Volkmann’s Canals

84
Q
  • longitudinal channels in the centers of the haversian systems/ osteons containing one or two blood vessels
  • parallel
  • connected with one another and communicate with the free surface and marrow cavity through transverse and oblique channels called Volkmann’s Canals
A

Haversian canals

85
Q
  • are not surrounded by concentrically arranged lamellae but traverse the bone in a direction perpendicular or oblique to the lamellae
  • larger than the haversian canals
  • traversing the bone
A

Volkmann’s Canals

86
Q
  • Bone formation
  • Has two process : in both processes, the bone tissue that appears first is primary or woven
A

OSTEOGENESIS

87
Q

two process of OSTEOGENESIS

A

Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification

88
Q

in which osteoblasts differentiate directly from mesenchyme and begin secreting osteoid

A

Intramembranous ossification

89
Q

in which the matrix of preexisting hyaline cartilage is eroded and replaced by osteoblasts producing osteoid

A

Endochondral ossification

90
Q

Vitamin D Deficiency diseases

A

Rickets
Osteomalacia (adults)

91
Q
  • results from faulty absorption of calcium form foods and a diminished phosphate concentration in plasma
  • epiphyseal discs become thicker and irregular, and the cartilage matrix and osteoid tissue fail to calcify
A

Rickets

92
Q
  • causes a diminution in calcium content of the bone
A

Osteomalacia (adults)

93
Q

inability of tissues that originate from mesenchyme to produce and maintain fibers, and ground substance diminished
* causes destruction of osteocollagenous fibers and a production of organic matrix in bones
* deficiency may lead to growth retardation and delayed healing of fractures

A

Vitamin C Deficiency

94
Q

diminution in the rate of skeletal growth and interference with the process of remodeling together with the balance between bone deposition and erosion

A

Vitamin A Deficiency

95
Q

HORMONES INFLUENCING GROWTH AND MAINTENANCE OF BONES

A

Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Growth Hormone
Sex Hormones

96
Q
  • regulates bone resorption controlling the release of calcium to the blood
  • regulates hypocalcemia
  • acts upon the kidney to increase the rate of resorption calcium from the glomerular filtrate
  • its renal effect prevents a continual loss of calcium in the urine that would ultimately deplete the calcium stores in the bones
A

Parathyroid hormone

97
Q
  • inhibits resorption activity
  • oppose the function of PTH
A

Calcitonin

98
Q

Calcitonin * a thyroid hormone, excreted by whats specific cells

A

parafollicular C cells of the thyroid gland

99
Q

Calcitonin exerts its calcium lowering effect by inhibiting the actions of both

A

PTH and vitamin D

100
Q

Calcitonin secreted in response to a

A

hypercalcemic stimulus

101
Q

Growth Hormone Produced by the

A

anterior pituitary

102
Q

GH deficiency and excessive production leads to?

A

lack (dwarfism),
excessive production (gigantism)

103
Q

decline in this hormone secretion disturbs the balance between bone deposition and bone resorption resulting in fragile bones (aging)

A

Sex Hormones

104
Q

this hormone affects the appearance and closure of the secondary or epiphyseal ossification centers
* skeletal maturation is accelerated and growth stunted (precocious puberty)

A

Sex Hormones

105
Q

BONE REPAIR process

A

1) Fracture →
2) hemorrhage (from torn vessels) and clotting →
3) fibroblasts and capillaries invades the clot forming granulation tissue (procallus) →
4) transforms to dense fibrous tissue and later into cartilage (temporary callus) →
5) Bone is remodelled

106
Q

JOINTS Classification

A

Diarthroses
Synarthroses

107
Q
  • permit free bone movement
  • joints that generally unite long bones and have great mobility, such as elbow and knee joints
A

Diarthroses

108
Q
  • very limited or no movement occurs
  • example : skull
A

Synarthroses

109
Q

Components of Diarthroses:

A

Capsule
Synovial or joint cavity
Articular cartilage

110
Q

continuous with a covering ligament which inserts into the periosteum of both bones

A

Capsule

111
Q

lined by synovial membrane and containing synovial fluid as a lubricant

A

Synovial or joint cavity

112
Q

covers the ends of epiphyses

A

Articular cartilage

113
Q

colorless, transparent, viscous fluid
o derived from blood plasma, but with a high concentration of hyaluronic acid produced by cells of the synovial membrane

A

Synovial Fluid

114
Q
  • specialized connective tissue that lines the joint cavity
    o
    which extends folds and villi into
    the cavity and secretes the
    lubricant synovial fluid.
A

Synovial Membrane

115
Q

Three Types Of Synarthroses
(Based On The Type Of Tissue Uniting The
Bone Surfaces):

A

Synostoses
Synchondroses
Syndesmoses

116
Q

o
bones are united by bone tissue
and no movement takes place
o
in older adults, __________ unite
the skull bones

A

synostoses

117
Q

o
bones are joined by hyaline
cartilage
o
epiphyseal plates of growing
bones
o
in adults a _____ unites
the first rib to the sternum with
little movement

A

synchondroses

118
Q

o
bones are joined by an
interosseous ligament of dense
connective tissue or fibrocartilage
o
pubic symphysis

A

Syndesmoses

Histology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions