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Histology > 11-LYMPHATIC > Flashcards

11-LYMPHATIC Flashcards

1
Q

monitors body surfaces and internal fluid compartments and react to the presence of potentially harmful substances

A

lymphatic system

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2
Q

lymphatic system includes

A

Body Surfaces: Mucosa, Skin
Internal Fluid Compartments: Lymph fluid, extracellular fluids, blood

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3
Q

Potentially Harmful Substances:

A

: invading microorganism, pathogens, abnormal Host cells (tumor cells, cells that is virally infected.

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4
Q

Cells includes

A

lymphocytes (T and B cell) and other immune cells (NK Cells, Antigen presenting cells)

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5
Q

Tissues includes

A

diffuse lymphatic tissue, lymphatic nodules

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6
Q

Organs include

A

Primary Lymphoid Organs: bone marrow, and thymus

secondary lymphoid Organ: lymph nodes, spleen, mouth (associated lymphoid tissue)

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7
Q

Cells are distributed throughout the body in the

A

blood, lymph, and epithelial and connective tissues

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8
Q

cells are arranged in

A

n lymphoid nodules found in connective tissues and inside several organs

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9
Q

: spherical nodule that contain group of cells isolated cells from mucosa or lining or normal organs; usually located in organs system such as respiratory system, digestive etc.

A

Lymphoid nodule

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10
Q

creates young lymphatic or lymphoid tissue - E.g. Mouth or what we call mucosa associated lymphoid tissue.

A

Lymphoid nodule

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11
Q

cells are organized in

A

larger lymphoid organs spleen, thymus, bone marrow, etc.

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12
Q

serve as sites where lymphocytes proliferate, differentiate, and mature.

A

Lymphatic tissues

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13
Q

location where B and T cells acquire their characteristics and functions

A

Bone Marrow

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14
Q

lymphocytes are “educated” to recognize and destroy specific antigens in these organs

A

In the thymus, bone marrow, and gut associated lymphatic tissue (GALT),

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15
Q

something that is foreign to the body

A

Antigens

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16
Q

is a molecule recognized by cells of the immune system that may elicit a response from these cells may consist of soluble molecules or molecules belonging to whole cells

A

Antigen

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17
Q

small molecular domains of antigen to which cells of immune system recognize and react to

A

Antigenic Determinants or Epitopes

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18
Q

are the one that is more immunogenic (greater ability to elicit immune response)

A

protein epitopes

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19
Q

Epitope can be a

A

polysaccharide of bacterial walls, lipid or proteins

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20
Q

Two lines of immune defenses against foreign invaders and transformed cells:

A

Nonspecific (Innate) Immunity
Specific (Adaptive) Immunity

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21
Q

under Specific (Adaptive) Immunity

A

Humoral Adaptive Immunity
Cell-mediated Adaptive Immunity

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22
Q

under Nonspecific (Innate) Immunity

A

Complement system: neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, NK cells

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23
Q

Faster, Less specific, Short term immunity

A

Nonspecific (Innate) Immunity

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24
Q

Slower, More specific, Long term Immunity

A

Specific (Adaptive) Immunity

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25
Q

cells under Specific (Adaptive) Immunity

A

B and T cells

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26
Q

Humoral Adaptive Immunity what cell is in charge

A

Antibodies

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27
Q

two types of Humoral Adaptive Immunity

A

Natural or artificial

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28
Q

 Active: You acquire it from getting infected (form in the body)
 Passive: Antibodies passed from mother to baby

A

Natural Humoral Adaptive Immunity

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29
Q

 Active: Antibodies are not from in the body of the host (vaccines)
 Passive: Introduction of antibody (Anti-rabies)

A

Artificial

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30
Q

Cell-mediated Adaptive Immunity immune cells

A

B and T cells

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31
Q

Preexisting nonspecific defenses constitute the

A

innate immune response

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32
Q

It represents the first line of defense against microbial aggression.

A

innate immune response

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33
Q

innate immune response consists of

A

physical barriers (skin)
chemical defenses
various secretory substances that neutralize foreign cells (saliva, tears)
phagocytic cells and NK cells

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34
Q

It is the second line of defense that target specific invaders when nonspecific defenses fail

A

Specific or Adaptive Immunity

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35
Q

The initial contact with a specific antigen or foreign agent initiates a chain of reactions that involve ___________ of the immune system and frequently leads to a state of immune “memory.

A

effector cells

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36
Q

When you developed an infection, your body naturally make antibodies against this. So, in the next time you introduced with the same antigen, your immune system response is quick because you already developed the antibody against this.

A

immune “memory

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37
Q

Cells of the immune system include

A

lymphocytes and various supporting cells

monocytes
macrophages
neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
reticular cells
dendritic cells
follicular dendritic cells
Langerhans’ cells
and epithelioreticular cells

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38
Q

provide the environment for many immune reactions to occur by secreting specific substances that regulate growth, migration, and the activation of effector and supporting cells

A

specialized epithelial and stromal cells

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39
Q

Different types of cells in lymphatic tissue are identified by specific ____________ on their surface

A

cluster of differentiation (CD) markers

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40
Q

designated by numbers that relates to antigens
expressed at different stages of their differentiation

can be visualized by immunohistochemical methods

useful in identifying specific subtypes of lymphatic or hematopoietic cells

expressed throughout the cell’s entire life or during one phase of differentiation or during cell activation

A

cluster of differentiation (CD) markers

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41
Q

are important for us to know what specific cells is doing the function

A
  • differentiation (CD) markers
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42
Q

Two lymphocytes population

A

Short-lived, immature cells or activated cells destined for a specific tissue

Circulating Lymphocytes

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43
Q

Lymphocytes that are already in connective tissue that underlies the lining epithelium of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts as well as into the intercellular spaces of these epithelia

A

Short-lived, immature cells or activated cells destined for a specific tissue

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44
Q

are the chief cellular constituents of lymphatic tissue; flows through your lymphatic fluid  represented mainly by long-lived, mature lymphocytes (mainly T cells) that have developed the capacity to recognize and respond to foreign antigens

A

Circulating Lymphocytes

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45
Q

are named for the Thymus; where they differentiate and acquire their characteristics Involved in cell-mediated immunity

Account for 60% to 80% of circulating lymphocytes

A

T cells

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46
Q

T cells markers:

A

CD2, CD3, CD5, and CD7 markers and T-cell receptors (TCRs)

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47
Q

Subclassified according to the presence of CD4 or CD8 markers:

A

 Helper T Lymphocytes (TH1 and TH2 cells)
 Cytotoxic CD8 T Lymphocytes (CTLs)
 Regulatory (suppressor) T Lymphocytes
 Gamma/Delta T Lymphocytes

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48
Q

 CD4 positive:
 CD8 positive:
 CTL:
 IL:

A

 CD4 positive: T helper cells (help other cells)
 CD8 positive: Cytotoxic T cells
 CTL: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
 IL: Interleukin

49
Q

synthesize IL-2, TNF, IFN-y  interact with CTLs, NK cells, and macrophages in cell-mediated immune responses and are essential for controlling intracellular pathogens

A

TH1 cells

50
Q

T Helper Lymphocytes

A

TH1 and TH2

51
Q

synthesize IL-4, IL-5, IL- 10, and IL-13  interact with B lymphocytes and are essential for initiating antibody-mediated immune responses (humoral) that control extracellular pathogens

A

TH2 cells

52
Q

when they mature and proliferate becomes Plasma cells

A

B lymphocytes

53
Q

are antibody producing cells.

A

Plasma cells

54
Q

explain why TH2 have the role in initiating humoral immune response.

A

B lymphocytes, when they mature and proliferate becomes Plasma cells. Plasma cells are antibody producing cells.

55
Q

T LYMPHOCYTES

A

T Helper Lymphocytes
T Cytotoxic Lymphocytes
T Suppressor Lymphocytes
Gamma/Delta T Lymphocytes

56
Q

They kill other target cells such as virus-infected cells, cancer-transformed cells, infected cells, and transplanted cells

A

T Cytotoxic Lymphocytes

57
Q

Functionally suppress an immune response to foreign and self-antigen by influencing the activity of other cells
 Regulate immune system function

A

T Suppressor Lymphocytes

58
Q

regulatory cells that can diminish the ability of T lymphocytes to initiate immune responses

A

T lymphocyte with CD4 CD25 FOXP3

59
Q

is able to suppress T-cell activation

A

T lymphocyte with CD8, CD45RO markers

60
Q

Other examples of T suppressor lymphocytes

A

may suppress B-cell differentiation and regulate erythroid cell maturation

61
Q

Small population of T cells that possess a distinct T cell receptor made of one gamma-chain and one delta-chain

A

Gamma/Delta T Lymphocytes

62
Q

Lymphocytes who function as the first line of defense against invading organisms

A

Gamma/Delta T Lymphocytes

63
Q

Account for 20% to 30% of the circulating lymphocytes  involved in the production and secretion of the various circulating antibodies

A

B LYMPHOCYTES

64
Q

B LYMPHOCYTES express membrane-bound forms of immunoglobulin called_______________ that serve as the antigenspecific binding site: IgM and IgD

A

B-cell receptors (BCRs)

65
Q

CD markers of B lymphocytes

A

CD9, CD19, and CD20

66
Q

Basic structure of antibody parts

A

Variable Region
Constant region
Ag-Binding site
Amino Terminus
carboxy Terminus
Light chain
Heavy chain
Fab fragment
Fc fragment
complement binding region of IgG, IgM
hinge area
Sulfide Bonds

67
Q

cleave antibody into two; producing 1 FC and 1 Fab fragment

A

Enzyme Pepsin

68
Q

cleave antibody into three; producing 1 FC and 2 Fab fragments

A

Enzyme Papain

69
Q

CLASSES OF ANTIBODY

A

IgGamma
IgM Omega?
Ig Alpha
Ig Delta
Ig Epsilon

70
Q

is the most abundant class representing 75-80% of serum immunoglobulins.
 Iis the only immunoglobulin that crosses the placental barrier
 Antibody that activates phagocytosis

A

. Ig G

71
Q

constitutes about 10% of blood immunoglobulins biggest of all

usually exists as a pentamer together with IgD,

it is the major immunoglobulin found on the surface of B lymphocytes

very effective in activating the complement system

has free and bound form

A

Ig M

72
Q

First antibody produce in your initial immune response

A

Ig M

73
Q
A
74
Q

usually exists as a monomer - has a great affinity for receptors present on the surfaces of mast cells and basophils: It also participates in allergic reaction

 Involved in destroying parasitic worms in the body

A

Ig E

74
Q

Ig A can be a ________ called______

A

dimer or trimer

secretory IgA

74
Q

composed of 2-3 molecules of monomeric IgA
J protein
Secretory component: joined the two monomers

A

secretory IgA

74
Q

It is monomeric and is even less abundant than IgE, constituting only 0.001% of the immunoglobulin in plasma.

Antibody found also in the surface of B lymphocytes

A

Ig D

75
Q

ACTIONS OF ANTIBODIES

A

Agglutination
Opsonization by Complement
Opsonization by Antibody
Neutralization
Cytotoxicity
Activation of the Complement Cascade

76
Q

Antibodies bind with antigen; they form a lattice. The formation of this soluble complexes renders the antigen/ pathogen capable in adhering to the host cells in order avoid its adhesion to surfaces of host cells.

A

Agglutination

77
Q

The complement coat the invading microorganism (green), making it easier for the cell (macrophage) to the engulf the material through the binding of complement with the receptor found in the cell surface.

A

Opsonization by Complement

78
Q

Antibody coating the microorganism will bind in the FC receptor located in the cells surface

A

Opsonization by Antibody

79
Q

Antibodies binding in the bacteria; rendering the bacteria toxins inactive

A

Neutralization

80
Q

Similar to no. 3 and 4 mechanism. Antibodies coat the pathogen, then it will bind to cell Fc receptor. Then the cell will liberate its toxic molecule, causing the pathogen to die (lysis).

A

Cytotoxicity

81
Q

When the complement cascade is activated, this will lead to cell lysis.

A

Activation of the Complement Cascade

82
Q

constitute about 5% to 10% of circulating lymphocytes

 develop from the same precursor cell as B and T cells, are named for their ability to kill certain types of target cells

Target cells are the transformed cells: cancer cells, transplanted cells, virally infected cells

A

NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS

83
Q

genetically programmed to recognize transformed cells

 release perforins and granzymes (fragmentins) which induces them to self-destruct

A

NK cells

84
Q

Specific markers NK cells

A

CD16a, CD56, and CD94

85
Q

LYMPHOCYTES DEVELOPMENT & DIFFERENTIATION  Two Types of Lymphocyte differentiation

A

Antigen-independent proliferation and differentiation

Antigen-dependent proliferation and differentiation

86
Q

 Occur in the primary lymphatic organs, lymphocytes are genetically programmed to recognize a single antigen
 Primary lymphatic organs: bone marrow and thymus

A

Antigen-independent proliferation and differentiation

87
Q

 Within the secondary lymphatic organs, T and B lymphocytes undergo activation (to elicit immune response) into effector lymphocytes and memory cells

 Secondary lymphatic organs: lymphatics organs except bone marrow and thymus

A

Antigen-dependent proliferation and differentiation

88
Q

IMMUNE RESPONSES TO ANTIGENS

A

Nonspecific defense
Specific immune responses
Helper T and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)
MHC I and MHC II molecule

89
Q

known as the inflammatory response Innate immunity E.g. Acute inflammatory responses; phagocyt

A

Nonspecific defense

90
Q

initiated by only one or a few B lymphocytes that have been genetically programmed to respond to that specific antigen, after, a few antigen-specific B cells remain in circulation as memory cells

A

Specific - PRIMARY Immune Response

91
Q

is usually more rapid and more intense, characterized by higher levels of secreted antibodies, because of the presence of specific memory B lymphocytes.  The 2nd time you are exposed to the same antigen, there is a Rapid immune response.

A

Specific - SECONDARY Immune Response

92
Q

There is Two Types of specific immune responses

A

humoral and cell-mediated responses

93
Q

Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity is mediated by

A

antibodies that act directly on an invading agent (plasma cells)

94
Q

Cell-mediated immunity is mediated by

A

specific T lymphocytes that attack and destroy virus infected host cells or foreign cell

95
Q

recognize and bind to antigens that are bound to MHC molecules

A

Helper T and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)

96
Q

(T Helper cells) can only recognize an antigen when it is “presented” to them by

A

AntigenPresenting Cells (APCs) (e.g. Macrophage)

97
Q

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes can only recognize

A

antigen on other body cells such as those transformed by cancer or infected with a virus

98
Q

MHC I and MHC II molecules are products of a ______________________ (the gene that called for the production of MHC molecules

A

“supergene” located on chromosome 6 in humans known as the Major Histocompatibility Gene Complex

99
Q

MHCs display

A

peptides on the surface of cells Peptide meaning Antigen

100
Q

act as a target to allow the elimination of abnormal host by displaying on their surface short fragments of all peptides that are actively synthesized by the cell  present peptides fragments to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8 cells)

A

MHC I molecules

101
Q

are limited in its distribution expressed on the surface of all APCs and is critical in immune interactions

 present partially digested, endocytosed foreign peptides to helper T lymphocytes

 Bind antigens that are being recognize by T helper lymphocytes

A

MHC II molecules

102
Q

After the T helper Lymphocyte have already recognize the Antigen being presented by Antigen Presenting cells (with the antibody binded to MCH II), there will be an activation of

A

Humoral Immune Response

103
Q

*The activation of T helper Lymphocytes will lead the activation of B lymphocytes, eventually leading to the formation of

A

antibodies.

104
Q

Antigen presenting cells also have

A

MCH I molecules

105
Q

Activation of T cells requires the presence of

A

costimulatory signals

106
Q

First Signal- of the activation of T cells

A
  • interaction of the TCR and the CD4 or CD8 molecules with the antigen–MHC complex
107
Q

Costimulatory Signal of the activation of T cells

A

interaction of membrane molecules on T cells and molecules on the APC

108
Q

s are soluble polypeptide substances involved in immune defense mechanisms by affecting the function of immune system effector cells (T and B cells), monocytes, macrophages, and other APCs

A

Cytokines

109
Q

cytokines can act locally on the same cell that secreted them ___________ or on neighboring cells ______________

A

autocrine control

paracrine control)

110
Q

are synthesized mainly by helper CD4 T lymphocytes and to a lesser extent by monocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells Promote growth and differentiation of T cells, B cells, and hematopoietic cells

A

INTERLEUKINS

111
Q

Interleukins are examples of

A

Cytokines

112
Q

interact with helper CD4 T lymphocytes to facilitate immune responses Through the MHC II molecules

A

ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS

113
Q

Examples ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS

A

macrophages, perisinusoidal macrophages (Kupffer cells) of the liver, Langerhans’ cells in the epidermis, dendritic cells of spleen and lymph nodes

B lymphocytes and type I and type II epithelioreticular cells of the thymus

114
Q

suppress the immune responses of other lymphocytes o originate in the thymus and account for about 5% of the total population of T cells o secrete cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF a potent suppressor of proliferation of specific classes of T and B effector cells

A

CD4 CD25 FOXP3 suppressor T lymphocytes

114
Q

T lymphocytes can be memory cells only if they interacted to the

A

T helper Cells

115
Q

If the antigen is a bacterium, the antigen– antibody complex may also activate a system of plasma proteins called the

A

Complement System.

Histology (15 decks)

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