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Histology > 10-BLOOD > Flashcards

10-BLOOD Flashcards

1
Q

a specialized connective tissue

A

Blood

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2
Q

Components of Blood

A

Plasma

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

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3
Q

Functions of blood

A
  1. delivery of nutrients and oxygen
  2. transport of wastes and carbon dioxide away from
    cells
  3. delivery of hormones and other regulatory substances to and from cells and tissues
  4. maintenance of homeostasis by acting as a buffer
    and participating in coagulation and
    thermoregulation
  5. transport of humoral agents and cells of the
    immune system
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4
Q

yellowish translucent, slightly viscous supernatant

55% at the top half of the centrifugation tube

A

Plasma

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5
Q

white or grayish thin layer between the plasma
and the hematocrit consisting of leukocytes and platelets

about 1% of the volume

A

Buffy coat

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6
Q

erythrocytes make up the bottom layer and their
volume

A

Hematocrit

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7
Q

– normally about 45% of the total blood volume in healthy
adults

A

Hematocrit

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8
Q

a yellowish liquid formed when
plasma proteins react together

A

Serum

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9
Q

– contains growth factors and other proteins
released from platelets during clot formation

A

Serum

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10
Q

Clotting in collected blood is prevented by the
addition of _________

A

Anticoagulants

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11
Q

an aqueous solution, pH 7.4, containing
substances of low or high molecular weight that make
up 8–10% of its volume

A

Plasma

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12
Q

account for approximately 7% of the
dissolved components

A

Plasma proteins

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13
Q

The composition of plasma is usually an indicator of
the mean composition of the _______

A

extracellular fluids in
tissues

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14
Q

(Major Plasma Proteins)

most abundant plasma protein

A

Albumin

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15
Q

is made in the liver and serves primarily in
maintaining the osmotic pressure of the blood

A

Albumin

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16
Q

acts as carrier protein; binding hormones, drugs,
and metabolites

A

Albumin

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17
Q

Made by liver and other cells

A

Alpha- and beta globulins

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18
Q

Include transport proteins; fibronectin; prothrombin and other coagulation factors ; lipoproteins and other proteins entering blood from tissues

A

Alpha- and beta globulins

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19
Q

Are immunoglobulins (antibodies) secreted by lymphocytes in many locations

A

Gamma- globulins

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20
Q

A system of factors important in inflammation and destruction of microorganisms

A

Complement proteins

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21
Q

The largest plasma protein (340kd), also made in the liver, which during clotting polymerizes as insoluble, cross- linked fibers which block blood loss from small vessels

A

Fibrinogen

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22
Q

Biconcave discs that lack nuclei

A

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

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23
Q

Biconcave shape provides _________ and ______

A

Large surface-to-volume ratio

Facilitates gas exchange

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24
Q

Packed with the 02- carrying protein hemoglobin

A

Erythrocytes

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25
Q

Erythrocytes are quite flexible, which permits them to ________, assuming a _______

A

Adapt to the irregular bends and small diameters of capillaries

Cuplike -shape

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26
Q

What do erythrocytes look like in TEM?

A

Contents appear as dense, fine granular material

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27
Q

The shape of the erythrocyte is maintained by________

A

Two functionally significant groups of membrane proteins

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28
Q

Integral membrane proteins

A

Glycophorin C
Band 3 protein

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29
Q

Attaches the underlying cytoskeletal protein network to the cell membrane

A

Glycophorin C

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30
Q

Binds hemoglobin and acts as an additional anchoring site for the cytoskeletal proteins

A

Band 3 protein

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31
Q

The extra cellular domains of these proteins are glycosylated and express blood group antigens

A

Integral membrane proteins

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32
Q

Are organized into a two-dimensional lattice network that laminates the inner layer of the membrane

A

Peripheral membrane proteins

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33
Q

Peripheral membrane proteins are composed of—–

A

Spectrin tetramers
Actin
Band 4.1 protein
Band 4.9 protein
Adducin
Tropomyosin

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34
Q

Peripheral membrane proteins are anchored to the lipid bilayer by the globular protein _____, which interacts with band 4.2 proteins as well as with band 3 integral membrane protein

A

Ankyrin

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35
Q

Any defect in the expression of genes that encode the different cytoskeleton proteins can result in ————

A

Abnormally shaped and fragile erythrocytes

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36
Q

Defect in the expression of genes in erythrocytes examples

A

Hereditary spherocytosis
Hereditary elliptocytosis

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37
Q

It is caused by a primary defect spectrin in gene expression

A

Hereditary spherocytosis

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38
Q

Is caused by a deficiency in band 4.1 proteins

A

Hereditary elliptocytosis

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39
Q

Decreased number of erythrocytes in the blood

A

Anemia

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40
Q

Increased number of erythrocytes
It may be physiologic adaptation
It is associated with disease

A

Erythrocytosis / polycytemia

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41
Q

Abnormal erythrocytes with diameters >9um

A

Macrocytes

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42
Q

Abnormal erythrocytes with diameters < 6 um

A

Microcytes

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43
Q

Presence of a high percentage of erythrocytes with great variations in size

A

Anisocytosis

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44
Q

Variation in shape is called ——

A

Poikilocytosis

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45
Q

Oval, pear-shaped,teardrop-shaped,saddle-shaped,helmet- shaped, and irregularly shapedcells may be seen in a single case of

A

Anemia such as megaloblastic anemia

46
Q

It is densely filled with hemoglobin, the tetrameric O2 - carrying protein that accounts for the cell’s uniform acidophilia

A

Erythrocyte cytoplasm

47
Q

Hemoglobin with CO2

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

48
Q

Combination of hemoglobin with carbon monoxide is —–
- reducing the cells’ capacity to transport O2

A

Irreversible

49
Q

Is a pathologic condition characterized by blood concentrations of hemoglobin below normal values

A

Anemia

50
Q

Anemia is associated with

A
  • With a decreased number of erythrocytes
  • reduced amount of hemoglobin chypchromic
51
Q

Anemia causes:

A
  • Caused by loss of blood Or hemorrhage
  • insufficient production of erythrocytes by the bone marrow
  • production of erythrocytes with insufficient hemoglobin
  • accelerated destruction of blood cells
52
Q

WBC migrate to the —– where they become functional and perform various activities

A

Tissues

53
Q

Groups of leukocytes:

A
  • Polymorphonuclear granulocytes
  • mononuclear agranulocytes
54
Q

Both types are spherical while suspended in blood plasma, but become ameboid and motile after leaving the blood vessels and invading the tissues.

A

Leukocytes

55
Q

Two types of granules (granulocytes)

A

Specific granules
Azurophilic granules

56
Q

Bind neutral, basic, or acidic stains

A

Specific granules

57
Q

Specialized lysosome

A

Azurophilic granules (primary)

58
Q

It generates hypochlorite and other reactive agents toxic to bacteria

A

Myeloperoxidase

59
Q

Bind and produce holes in cell membranes or microorganisms

A

Defensins

60
Q

Dissolves bacterial cell wall components

A

Lysozyme

61
Q

Phosphates and metalloproteinases

A

Tertiary granules

62
Q

(Neutrophils)
Percentage of circulating Leukocytes

A

60 - 70 %

63
Q

( Neutrophils)
______ um in diameter in blood smears, with nuclei haying 2-5 lobes linked by thin nuclear extensions

A

12-15 um

64
Q

(Neutrophils)
_____ while circulating but become______ during diapedesis upon adhering to sold substrates such as collagen in the ECM

A

Inactive and spherical
Actively ameboid

65
Q

First leukocytes to arrive at sites of infection

A

Neutrophils

66
Q

non-segmented nucleus of immature neutrophils that have recently entered the blood circulation

A

horseshoe (band forms)

67
Q

An increased number of band neutrophils in
the blood indicates a higher production of
neutrophils, probably in response to a ______

A

bacterial infection

68
Q

Neutrophils are active phagocytes that utilize a _______ to recognize bacteria
and other infectious agents at the site of
inflammation

A

variety of surface receptors

69
Q

bind to the exposed Fc region of IgG
antibodies that coat bacterial surfaces

A

Fc receptors

70
Q

facilitate binding and
uptake of immune complexes that are opsonized by
active C3b protein

A

Complement receptors (CRs)

71
Q

transmembrane glycoproteins that bind to modified forms of LDLs,polyanionic molecules that are often on the surfaceof bacteria and apoptotic bodies

A

Scavenger receptors (SRs)

72
Q

receptors that recognize pathogenic
molecules such as endotoxins, lipopolysaccharides,
peptidoglycanes, and lipoteichoic acids that are
arranged in predictable pathogen-associated
molecular patterns (PAMPs)

A

Toll-like receptors or pattern recognition receptors
(PRRs),

73
Q

2–4% of leukocytes in
normal blood

A

Eosinophil

74
Q

Has characteristic bilobed nucleus

A

Eosinophil

75
Q

The main identifying
characteristic of eosinophil

A

the
abundance of large, red
specific granules (about 200
per cell)

76
Q

increase in the number of eosinophils in blood

A

Eosinophilia

77
Q

associated with allergic reactions and helminthic
(parasitic) infections

A

Eosinophilia

78
Q

about 12–15 um in diameter

< 1% of blood leukocytes

A

Basophils

79
Q

nucleus is divided into two or more irregular lobes

A

Basophil

80
Q

has large specific granules which obscure the nucleus

A

Basophil

81
Q

Basophils may supplement the functions of _____

A

Mast cells

82
Q

Both basophils and mast cells have
metachromatic granules _______ bound to surface
receptors, and secrete their granular
components in response to certain antigens

A

containing heparin
and histamine, have IgE

83
Q

Agranulocytes:

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

84
Q

do not have specific granules, but they do
contain azurophilic granules (lysosomes)

A

agranulocytes

85
Q

nucleus is round or indented

A

agranulocytes

86
Q

constitute a family of
leukocytes with spherical
nuclei

A

lymphocytes

87
Q

only type of leukocytes that
can return from the tissues
back to the blood

A

lymphocytes

88
Q

Lymphocytes can be subdivided into
functional groups, what are they?

A

T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
natural killer (NK) cells

89
Q

have a long life span and are involved in
cell-mediated immunity

A

T cells

90
Q

(T cells)
specific markers

A

CD4 and CD8

91
Q

have variable life spans and are involved in
the production of circulating antibodies

A

B cells

92
Q

(B cells)
specific markers

A

CD9
CD19
CD20
CD24

93
Q

are programmed during their development to kill certain virus-infected cells
and some types of tumor cells

A

NK cells

94
Q

NK cells specific markers

A

CD16
CD56
CD94

95
Q

are bone marrow–derived agranulocytes with diameters varying from 12
to 20 um

A

monocytes

96
Q

nucleus is large, off-center,
and may be oval, kidney-shaped, or distinctly U-shaped

A

monocytes

97
Q

stains lighter than that of
large lymphocytes

A

monocytes

98
Q

nonnucleated, disklike cell
fragments 2–4 um in diameter

A

Platelets

99
Q

promote blood clotting
and help repair minor tears or leaks in the walls of blood vessels, preventing loss of blood

A

Platelets

100
Q

life span of platelets

A

10 days

101
Q

In stained blood smears,
platelets often appear in ____

A

clumps

102
Q

Disruptions in the microvascular endothelium, which are common, allow platelet aggregation to collagen via collagen-binding protein in the platelet membrane. Thus, a platelet plug is formed as a first step to stop bleeding

A

Primary aggregation

103
Q

Platelets in the plug release an adhesive glycoprotein and ADP, both of which are potent inducers of platelet aggregation, increasing the size of the platelet plug

A

Secondary aggregation

104
Q

During platelet aggregation,
fibrinogen from plasma, von Willebrand factor and
others from damaged endothelium, and various
factors from platelets promote the sequential
interaction (cascade) of plasma proteins, giving rise
to a fibrin polymer that forms a three-dimensional
network of fibers trapping red blood cells and more
platelets to form a blood clot, or thrombus

A

Blood coagulation

105
Q

other term for bloot clot

A

thrombus

106
Q

The clot that initially bulges
into the blood vessel lumen contracts slightly
because of the interaction of platelet actin
and myosin.

A

Clot retraction

107
Q

Protected by the clot, the vessel wall is restored by new tissue, and the clot is
then removed, mainly by the proteolytic enzyme plasmin.

A

Clot removal

108
Q

disease due to sex-linked recessive inherited disorders.

A

Hemophilia

109
Q

is deficient in clotting factor VIII or
contains a defective factor VIII, one of the plasma
proteins involved in fibrin generation

A

Hemophilia A

110
Q

the defect is in factor IX

A

Hemophilia B

Histology (15 decks)

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