Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology > 13-NERVOUS > Flashcards

13-NERVOUS Flashcards

1
Q

The most complex system

A

NERVOUS SYSTEM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Components of the Nervous System

A

network of nerve cells (neurons)
supporting glial cells
nerve tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

is distributed throughout the body as an integrated communications network

A

Nerve tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Structural Divisions of the NS

A

Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

overall “command center,” processing and integrating information

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Central nervous system (CNS) components

A

brain
spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

division of the nervous system in charge of relaying messages to and from the command center

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) components

A

cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves

ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

conduct impulses to and from the CNS (motor and sensory nerves respectively)

A

cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which are small groups of nerve cells outside the CNS

A

ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Functional Divisions of the NS

A

Sensory Nervous System
Motor Nervous System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sensory Nervous System components

A

Some CNS and PNS components

Somatic sensory

Visceral sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

FUNCTIONAL DIVISION - Includes all axons that transmit impulses from a peripheral structure to the CNS

A

Some CNS and PNS components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

FUNCTIONAL DIVISION - Transmits input from skin, fascia, joints, and skeletal muscles

A

Somatic sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

FUNCTIONAL DIVISION - Transmits input from stomach and intestines (viscera)

A

Visceral sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Motor Nervous System components

A

Motor Nervous System

Somatic motor (somatic nervous system)

Autonomic motor (autonomic nervous system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

FUNCTIONAL DIVISION - Includes all axons that transmit nerve impulses from the CNS to a muscle or gland

A

Some CNS and PNS components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

FUNCTIONAL DIVISION - Voluntary control of skeletal muscle

A

Somatic motor (somatic nervous system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

FUNCTIONAL DIVISION - Involuntary control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

A

Autonomic motor (autonomic nervous system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

ionic gradient that exists between the inner and outer surfaces of their membranes

Altered by neurons in respo nse to stimuli

A

Electrical potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cells that can rapidly change this potential in response to stimuli (eg, neurons, muscle cells, some gland cells)

A

Excitable or irritable cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

is capable of traveling long distances along neuronal processes, transmitting such signals to other neurons, muscles, and glands

A

action potential, the depolarization wave, or the nerve impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

steps of Neurulation in the Embryo

A
  1. Neural folds and neural groove form from the neural plate
  2. Neural folds elevate and approach each other

3.Neural crest cells loosen and become mesenchymal

  1. Neural folds merge creates neural tube, neural crest lies atop newly made tube
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

functional unit of the nervous system

A

NEURONS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

NEURONS consist of three parts :

A

Cell body (perikaryon)
Dendrites
Axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

synthetic or trophic center for the entire nerve cell and is receptive to stimuli

A

Cell body (perikaryon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

many elongated processes specialized to receive stimuli from the environment, sensory epithelial cells, or other neurons

A

Dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

a single process specialized in generating and conducting nerve impulses to other cells (nerve, muscle, and gland cells)

A

Axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

distal portion of the axon is usually _________ as the terminal arborization

A

branched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

part of the axon that interact with other neurons or nonnerve cells at structures called synapses

A

end bulbs (boutons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS according to the number of processes extending from the cell body:

A

Multipolar neurons
Bipolar neurons
Unipolar or pseudounipolar neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS according to the number of processes extending from the cell body:

one axon and; two or many dendrites

**Most neurons are ________

A

Multipolar neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS according to the number of processes extending from the cell body:

one dendrite
one axon

A

Bipolar neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS according to the number of processes extending from the cell body:

have a single process that bifurcates close to the perikaryon, with the longer branch extending to a peripheral ending and the other toward the CNS

A

Unipolar or pseudounipolar neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Bipolar neurons are found in

A

retina
olfactory mucosa
and the (inner ear) cochlear and vestibular ganglia

where they serve the senses of sight, smell and balance respectively.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Unipolar or pseudounipolar neurons are found in the

A

spinal ganglia (the sensory ganglia found with the spinal nerves)

and in most cranial ganglia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF NERVES according to function

A

Motor (efferent) neurons
Sensory (afferent) neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF NERVES according to function

control effector organs such as muscle fibers and exocrine and endocrine glands

A

Motor (efferent) neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF NERVES according to function

involved in the reception of sensory stimuli from the environment and from within the body

A

Sensory (afferent) neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

contains the nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm, exclusive of the cell processes

it is primarily a trophic center

A

CELL BODY (PERIKARYON)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

nucleus of nerve cells are

A

spherical
unusually large
euchromatic (pale-staining)
prominent nucleolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

most are single nucleated but sometimes bi nucleated neurons are sometime found in

A

sympathetic and sensory ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Chromatin of neurons are _________, reflecting the intense synthetic activity of these cells

A

finely dispersed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Cell bodies of neurons contain a

A

highly developed rough ER organized into aggregates of parallel cisternae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

chromatophilic substance made of basophilic clumps of RER and free ribosomes which can be seen under LM with appropriate stains

abundant in large nerve cells such as motor neurons

A

Nissl bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Golgi apparatus of the neuron is only found in the

A

cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Mitochondria- found throughout the cell and usually abundant in the

A

axon terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

intermediate filaments are abundant both in

A

perikarya and processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

neurofilaments cross-linked with certain fixatives becoming visible with the light microscope when impreganated with silver salt

A

Neurofibrils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Neurons also contain microtubules and may also contain pigmented materials like_______ (consists of residual bodies left from lysosomal digestion)

A

lipofuscin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

are usually short and divide like the branches of a tree

often covered with many synapses and are the principal signal reception and processing sites on neurons

A

Dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

sites of synapses with other neurons o found on dendrites surfaces o length and morphology are dependent on actin filaments and are highly plastic

A

Dendritic spines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

are cylindrical process that varies in length and diameter according to the type of neuron.

A

Axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

All axons originate from a pyramid-shaped region, the ________, arising from the perikaryon

A

axon hillock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

plasma membrane of the axon

A

Axolemma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

cytoplasm of the axon

A

Axoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Bidirectional Transport of Molecules along the Axon

A

Anterograde transport
Retrograde transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

movement of organelles and macromolecules synthesized in the cell body along the axon from the perikaryon to the synaptic terminals

A

Anterograde transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

macromolecules, such as material taken up by endocytosis (including viruses and toxins), are taken from the periphery to the cell body

A

Retrograde transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Bidirectional Transport of Molecules along the Axon

both directions utilizes

A

motor proteins attached to microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

a microtubule-activated ATPase, attaches to vesicles and allows them to move along microtubules in axons away from the perikarya

A

kinesin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

is a similar ATPase that allows retrograde transport in axons, toward the cell bodies

A

dynein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

anterograde and retrograde transport both occur fairly rapidly, at rates of

A

50 to 400 mm/day.

64
Q

MEMBRANE POTENTIALS

A

Resting membrane potential
Action potential or nerve impulse

65
Q

a potential difference across the axolemma of about 65 mV with the inside negative to the outside brought by movement of sodium and potassium out and into the cell

A

Resting membrane potential

66
Q

there is a sudden influx of extracellular Na+ that changes the resting potential from –65 mV to +30 mV and makes the cell interior positive in relation to the extracellular environment

A

Action potential or nerve impulse

67
Q

In action potential or nerve impulse +30 mV potential rapidly ______ the sodium channels and _______ the K+ channels, allowing this ion to leave the axon by diffusion and returning the membrane potential to –65 mV

A

closes the sodium channels
opens the potassium channels

68
Q

Medical Application of action potentials

A

Local anesthetics bind to sodium channels which stops sodium transport

no sodium transport = no action potential = no nerve impulse

69
Q

SYNAPSE structures

A

Presynaptic axon terminal
Postsynaptic cell membrane
Synaptic cleft

70
Q

(terminal bouton) from which neurotransmitter is released

A

Presynaptic axon terminal

71
Q

with receptors for the transmitter and ion channels or other mechanisms to initiate a new impulse

A

Postsynaptic cell membrane

72
Q

separating the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes

A

Synaptic cleft

73
Q

TYPES OF SYNAPSES SEEN BETWEEN NEURONS

A

Axosomatic Synapse
Axodendritic Synapse
Axoaxonic Synapse

74
Q

axon forms a synapse with a cell body

A

Axosomatic Synapse

75
Q

axon forms a synapse with a dendrite

A

Axodendritic Synapse

76
Q

axon forms a synapse with an axon

A

Axoaxonic Synapse

77
Q

responsible for the unidirectional transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to another cell

converts electrical signal (impulse) from the presynaptic cell into a chemical signal that acts on the postsynaptic cell

transmit information by releasing neurotransmitters during this signaling process.

A

Synapse

78
Q

are chemicals that bind specific receptor proteins to either open or closed ion channels or initiate second-messenger cascades

A

Neurotransmitters

79
Q

chemical messengers that modify neuron sensitivity to synaptic stimulation or inhibition, without acting directly on synapses

A

Neuromodulators

80
Q

transmit ionic signals directly through gap junctions between the pre- and postsynaptic membranes

prominent in cardiac and smooth muscle

A

Electrical synapses

81
Q

Glial Cell Types

A

Oligodendrocyte
Neurolemmocyte
Astrocyte
Ependymal Cells
Microglia

82
Q

Origin and Location of Oligodendrocyte

A

Neural tube

CNS

83
Q

Origin and Location of Neurolemmocyte

A

Neural crest

Peripheral nerves

84
Q

Origin and Location of Astrocyte

A

Neural Tube

CNS

85
Q

Origin and Location of Ependymal Cells

A

Neural Tube

CNS

86
Q

Origin and Location of Microglia

A

Bone Marrow

CNS

87
Q

Oligodendrocyte MAIN FUNCTION

A

Myelin production, electric insulation

88
Q

Neurolemmocyte MAIN FUNCTION

A

Myelin production, electric insulation

89
Q

Astrocyte MAIN FUNCTION

A

Structural support,
repair processes,
Blood-brain barrier,
metabolic exchanges

90
Q

Ependymal Cells MAIN FUNCTION

A

Lining cavities of Central nervous System

91
Q

Microglia MAIN FUNCTION

A

Immunerelated activity

92
Q

myelinate parts of several axons

A

Oligodendrocytes

93
Q

have multiple processes and form perivascular feet that completely enclose all capillaries

A

Astrocytes

94
Q

are epithelial-like cells that line the ventricles and central canal

A

Ependymal cells

95
Q

have a protective, phagocytic, immunerelated function

A

Microglial cells

96
Q

commonly called Schwann cells, form a series enclosing axons

A

Neurolemmocytes

97
Q

are restricted to ganglia where they cover and support the large neuronal cell bodies

A

Satellite cells

98
Q

a disease where myelin sheath is damaged by an autoimmune mechanism with various neurologic consequences

microglia phagocytose and degrade myelin debris by receptor-mediated phagocytosis and lysosomal activity

A

Multiple Sclerosis

99
Q

microglia are infected by HIV-1 o interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor- , activate and enhance HIV replication in microglia

A

AIDS dementia complex

100
Q

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PRINCIPLE STRUCTURES

A

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Spinal cord

101
Q

All of the 3 structures of CNS has a region of these two types of matter

A

whit and gray matter

102
Q

composed of myelinated axons and oligodendrocytes

A

white matter

103
Q

does not contain neuronal cell bodies, but microglia are present

A

gray matter

104
Q

Has no connective tissue and is therefore a relatively soft, gel-like organ

A

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

105
Q

layer of the cerebral cortex formed by very small neurons (the smallest in the body), which are densely packed together

A

inner granule layer

105
Q

Coordinates muscular activity throughout the body

A

CEREBRAL CORTEX

106
Q

central layer of the cerebral cortex are made up of

A

very large neurons called Purkinje cells

107
Q

CEREBRAL CORTEX Three Layers

A

outer molecular layer
central layer
inner granule layer

108
Q

conspicuous even in H&E stained material and their dendrites extend throughout the molecular layer as a branching basket of nerve fibers

A

central layer of the cerebral cortex

109
Q

SPINAL CORD
white matter is __________
gray matter is ___________

A

white matter is PERIPHERAL
gray matter is INTERNAL

110
Q

SC gray matter is internal and has the general shape of an

A

H

111
Q

Forms found in the spinal cord:

A

anterior horns
posterior horns
central canal

112
Q

contain motor neurons whose axons make up the ventral roots of spinal nerves

A

anterior horns

113
Q

receive sensory fibers from neurons in the spinal ganglia (dorsal roots).

A

posterior horns

114
Q

develops from the lumen of the embryonic neural tube and is lined by ependymal cell

A

central canal

115
Q

Spinal cord neurons are

A

large and multipolar

116
Q

MENINGES IN THE SPINAL CORD

A

pia mater
arachnoid
dura mater

117
Q

MENINGES AROUND THE BRAIN

A

The dura, arachnoid, and pia mater also cover the entire surface of the brain

Arachnoid villi

118
Q

outpocketings of arachnoid away from the brain which penetrate the dura mater and enter bloodfilled venous sinuses found within the vasculature of the periosteum

A

Arachnoid villi

119
Q

function in releasing excess CSF into the blood from the subarachnoid space into venous sinuses

A

Arachnoid villi

120
Q

external layer consisting of dense, fibroelastic connective tissue continuous with the periosteum of the skull

A

Dura mater

121
Q

separates the dura mater from periosteum of the vertebrae

A

Epidural space

122
Q

separates the dura mater from the arachnoid by the thin__________

A

subdural space

123
Q

ARACHNOID Two Components:

A

a sheet of connective tissue in contact with the dura mater

a system of loosely arranged trabeculae containing fibroblasts and collagen

124
Q

is a large, sponge-like cavity

communicates with the ventricles of the brain.

A

Subarachnoid space

125
Q

forms a hydraulic cushion that protects the CNS from trauma.

A

subarachnoid space, filled with CSF that surrounds the trabeculae

126
Q

True or false: Arachnoid is vascular because larger blood vessels run through it

A

false, it is AVASCULAR because it lacks nutritive capillaries

127
Q

is lined internally by flattened, mesenchymally derived cells closely applied to the entire surface of the CNS tissue

A

Pia mater

128
Q

a thin limiting layer between the pia mater and the neural elements o adheres firmly to the pia mater

A

Astrocytic processes

129
Q

Together the _________ form a physical barrier at the CNS periphery that separates the CNS tissue from the CSF in the subarachnoid space

A

pia mater and glial layer

130
Q

functional barrier that allows much tighter control than that in most tissues over the passage of substances moving from blood into the CNS tissue, protecting the nature of the neuronal microenvironment

A

Blood Brain Barrier

131
Q

main structural component of the BBB o cells are tightly sealed together with well-developed occluding junctions and show little or no transcytosis

A

capillary endothelium

132
Q

consists of highly specialized regions of CNS tissue containing ependyma cells and vascularized pia mater that project from specific walls of the ventricles

A

Choroid plexus

133
Q

remove water from blood and release it as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Choroid plexus

134
Q

is clear, has a low density, contains Na+, K+ , and Cl– ions but very little protein, and its only cells are normally very sparse lymphocytes

important for metabolism within the CNS and acts to absorb mechanical shocks

A

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

135
Q

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Main components:

A

nerves
ganglia
nerve endings

135
Q

provide the main pathway for absorption of CSF into the venous circulation since there are no lymphatic vessels in CNS tissue

A

arachnoid villi

136
Q

consist of axons enclosed within a special sheath of cells derived from the embryonic neural crest

A

Nerve fibers

137
Q

sheathe axons, also called neurolemmocytes

A

Schwann cells

138
Q
  • progressively thicker axons generally sheathed by increasingly numerous concentric wrappings of the enveloping cell
A

Myelinated nerve fibers

139
Q

a layer formed by multiple layers of Schwann cell membrane

A

Myelin

140
Q

a whitish lipoprotein complex whose abundant lipid component is partly removed by standard histologic procedures, as in all cell membranes

A

Myelin

141
Q

With the TEM the myelin sheath can appear as a ______________ in which individual membrane layers are seen

A

thick electron-dense cover

142
Q

PNS, even all unmyelinated axons are enveloped within

A

simple folds of Schwann cells

143
Q

In the PNS nerve fibers are

A

grouped into bundles to form nerves

144
Q

Connective Tissue Layers Enclosing Axons and Schwann Cells of Nerves

A

Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium

145
Q

an external dense, irregular fibrous coat

A

Epineurium

146
Q

a sleeve of specialized connective tissue formed by layers of flattened epithelial-like cells - a barrier that protects the nerve fibers and helping maintain the internal microenvironment

A

Perineurium

147
Q

enveloping connective tissue of Schwann cell–covered axons

A

Endoneurium

148
Q

ovoid structures containing neuronal cell bodies and glial cells supported by connective tissue

serve as relay stations to transmit nerve impulses, one nerve enters and another exits

A

Ganglia

149
Q

receive afferent impulses that go to the CNS

associated with both cranial nerves and the dorsal root of the spinal nerves

A

Sensory ganglia-

150
Q

effect the activity of smooth muscle, the secretion of some glands, modulate cardiac rhythm and other involuntary activities by which the body maintains a constant internal environment

A

Autonomic nerves

151
Q

Two parts of Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic division
Parasympathetic division

152
Q

Neuronal cell bodies of Sympathetic division
location

A

thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord

153
Q

Neuronal cell Parasympathetic division location

A

medulla and midbrain and in the sacral portion of the spinal cord

154
Q

Second neurons location of the Sympathetic division

A

located in small ganglia along the vertebral column

155
Q

Second neurons location of the Parasympathetic division

A

very small ganglia always located near or within the effector organs

Histology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions